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2. Rubberized asphalt - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubberized_asphalt

   Asphalt rubber is the largest single market for ground rubber in the United States, consuming an estimated 220,000,000 pounds (100,000,000 kg), or approximately 12 million tires annually. [1] Use of rubberized asphalt as a pavement material was pioneered by the city of Phoenix, Arizona in the 1960s because of its high durability. [2]

3. Crumb rubber - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crumb_rubber

   With fewer cracks, there are fewer repairs, so crumb rubber assists in reducing maintenance costs. The pavement has an increased lifespan because after multiple uses and exposure to different elements, regular asphalt loses elasticity over time. The use of the artificial rubber resists the formation of cracks and has an anti-aging effect that ...

4. Crocodile cracking - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile_cracking

   Fatigue cracking manifests itself initially as longitudinal cracking (cracks along the direction of the flow of traffic) in the top layer of the asphalt. [5] These cracks are initially thin and sparsely distributed. If further deterioration is allowed, these longitudinal cracks are connected by transverse cracks to form sharp sided, prismatic ...

5. Pavement cracking - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavement_cracking

   Some of the most important types of crack are as follows: [1] [4] Crocodile cracking, also known as alligator cracking and fatigue cracking; Block cracking (caused by shrinkage of asphalt) Longitudinal cracking—wheel path; Longitudinal cracking—non-wheel path; Transverse cracking; Reflection cracking at joints

6. Road surface - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_surface

   In the mid-1960s, rubberized asphalt was used for the first time, mixing crumb rubber from used tires with asphalt. [20] While a potential use for tires that would otherwise fill landfills and present a fire hazard, rubberized asphalt has shown greater incidence of wear in freeze-thaw cycles in temperate zones because of the non-homogeneous ...

7. Chipseal - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipseal

   The introduction of polymer-modified bitumen and emulsion binder has increased chipseal's ability to prevent crack reflection and improve stone retention by improving the properties of the bitumen binder. Newer techniques use asphalt emulsion (a mixture of liquid asphalt, surfactant, and water) instead of asphalt. This has been shown to help ...