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Atmospheric drag at orbital altitude is caused by frequent collisions of gas molecules with the satellite. It is the major cause of orbital decay for satellites in low Earth orbit. It results in the reduction in the altitude of a satellite's orbit. For the case of Earth, atmospheric drag resulting in satellite re-entry can be described by the ...
The sensors deteriorate over time, and corrections are necessary for satellite drift and orbital decay. Particularly large differences between reconstructed temperature series occur at the few times when there is little temporal overlap between successive satellites, making intercalibration difficult.
The orbital period is decreasing at 2.373 × 10 −11 seconds per second giving a characteristic timescale of 210,000 years. [1] This decay is mostly due to the emission of gravitational waves, however 7% of the decay could be due to tidal losses. [1] The decay is predicted to go for 130,000 years when the orbital period should reach 5 minutes.
[2] [10] [11] [12] The ratio of observed to predicted rate of orbital decay is calculated to be 0.997 ± 0.002. [12] The total power of the gravitational waves emitted by this system presently is calculated to be 7.35 × 10 24 watts. For comparison, this is 1.9% of the power radiated in light by the Sun.
Precision pulse timing measurements of relativistic orbital decay. [14] PSR J0740+6620: 2.08 ± 0.07: 4,600: D: Range and shape parameter of Shapiro delay. Most massive neutron star with a well-constrained mass. [15] [16] [17] PSR J0348+0432: 2.01 ± 0.04: 2,100: D: Spectroscopic observation and orbital decay due to radiation of gravitational ...
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NRLMSISE output. NRLMSISE-00 is an empirical, global reference atmospheric model of the Earth from ground to space. [1] It models the temperatures and densities of the atmosphere's components.