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A longitudinal study (or longitudinal survey, or panel study) is a research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables (e.g., people) over long periods of time (i.e., uses longitudinal data). It is often a type of observational study, although it can also be structured as longitudinal randomized experiment. [1]
A popular repeated-measures design is the crossover study. A crossover study is a longitudinal study in which subjects receive a sequence of different treatments (or exposures). While crossover studies can be observational studies, many important crossover studies are controlled experiments.
Twin study; Research designs vary according to the period(s) of time over which data are collected: Retrospective cohort study: Participants are chosen, then data are collected about their past experiences. Prospective cohort study: Participants are recruited prior to the proposed independent effects being administered or occurring.
4. MLM can also handle data in which there is variation in the exact timing of data collection (i.e. variable timing versus fixed timing). For example, data for a longitudinal study may attempt to collect measurements at age 6 months, 9 months, 12 months, and 15 months.
In this study, pairs of individuals were observed in college cafeterias, restaurants, airport and hospital waiting rooms, and business-district fast-food outlets. By using situation sampling, the investigators were able to observe a wide range of people who differed in age, sex, race, and socioeconomic class, thus increasing the external ...
Explanatory case studies explore causation to identify underlying principles. [23] [24] However, there is a debate to whether case studies count as a scientific research method. Clinical psychologists use case studies most often, especially to describe abnormal events and conditions, which are particularly important in clinical research. [25]
Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why humans grow, change, and adapt across the course of their lives. Originally concerned with infants and children , the field has expanded to include adolescence , adult development , aging , and the entire lifespan. [ 1 ]
The Genetic Studies of Genius, later known as the Terman Study of the Gifted, [1] is currently the oldest and longest-running longitudinal study in the field of psychology. . It was begun by Lewis Terman at Stanford University in 1921 to examine the development and characteristics of gifted children into adultho