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The Enterococcaceae are a family of Gram-positive bacteria placed in the order Lactobacillales. [1] Representative genera include Enterococcus, Melissococcus, Pilibacter, Tetragenococcus, and Vagococcus. In this family are some important lactic acid bacteria which produce lactic acid as the major metabolic end product. [1]
Enterococcus is a large genus of lactic acid bacteria of the phylum Bacillota.Enterococci are Gram-positive cocci that often occur in pairs or short chains, and are difficult to distinguish from streptococci on physical characteristics alone. [2]
Enterococcus gallinarum is a species of Enterococcus. [3] E. gallinarum demonstrates an inherent, low-level resistance to vancomycin.Resistance is due to a chromosomal gene, vanC, which encodes for a terminal D-alanine-D-serine instead of the usual D-alanine-D-alanine in cell wall peptidoglycan precursor proteins. [4]
In human blood, E. faecalis is subjected to conditions that damage its DNA, but this damage can be tolerated by the use of DNA repair processes. [26] This damage tolerance depends, in part, on the two protein complex RexAB, encoded by the E. faecalis genome, that is employed in the recombinational repair of DNA double-strand breaks. [26]
In Slanetz and Bartley medium has poor growth, being not motile. Enterococcus aquimarinus has 2,373 genes and about 2,279 protein genes. The analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of one strain shows high similarities with Enterococcus italicus, Enterococcus saccharolyticus, aenterococcus sulfureus and Enterococcus saccharominimus. [1] [2]
However, additional biochemical tests can be used to separate the two organisms. Additionally, E. casseliflavus produces respiratory quinones and its colonies possess a bright yellow pigment. [2] [7] E. casseliflavus possess the vanC genotype and are intrinsically resistant to glycopeptides such as vancomycin. [8]
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[3] [4] Additionally, this species uses Camelus dromedarius and Helix pomatia as hosts. [ 5 ] Sequencing of the CX012922 strain show genes divided between a 2.83 Mb circular genome for virulence factors like ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and a 0.98 Mb circular megaplasmid for substrate utilization enzymes like raffinose permease.