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A lobotomy (from Greek λοβός (lobos) 'lobe' and τομή (tomē) 'cut, slice') or leucotomy is a discredited form of neurosurgical treatment for psychiatric disorder or neurological disorder (e.g. epilepsy, depression) that involves severing connections in the brain's prefrontal cortex. [1]
A mallet was used to drive the instrument through the thin layer of bone and into the brain along the plane of the bridge of the nose, to a depth of 5 cm. Due to incidents of breakage, a stronger but essentially identical instrument called an orbitoclast was later used. [4] Lobotomies were commonly performed from the 1930s to the 1960s, with a ...
The first country to ban lobotomy was the Soviet Union in 1950 as it was considered a practice that violated all forms of human rights. By the 1970s most nations had banned the procedure. A "light" version of Lobotomy, still used today on patients with drug-resistant epilepsy, is called an anterior temporal leucotomy.
Bilateral cingulotomy is a form of psychosurgery, introduced in 1948 as an alternative to lobotomy. Today, it is mainly used in the treatment of depression [1] and obsessive-compulsive disorder. In the early years of the twenty-first century, it was used in Russia to treat addiction. [2] [3] [4] It is also used in the treatment of chronic pain. [5]
The lobotomy fell out of favor in by 1960s and 1970s. [81] Other forms of ablative psychosurgery were in use in the UK in the late 1970s to treat psychotic and mood disorders. [82] Bilateral cingulotomy was used to treat substance abuse disorder in Russia until 2002. Deep brain stimulation is used in China to treat substance abuse disorders. [83]
Today, the effort to eradicate polio is a global one. Since 1988, wild poliovirus cases have decreased by more than 99% , but the disease is still considered endemic in two countries, Pakistan and ...
Walter Jackson Freeman II (November 14, 1895 – May 31, 1972) was an American physician who specialized in lobotomy. [1] Wanting to simplify lobotomies so that it could be carried out by psychiatrists in psychiatric hospitals, where there were often no operating rooms, surgeons, or anesthesia and limited budgets, Freeman invented a transorbital lobotomy procedure.
Craniology and cranioscopy became detached from the specific sense of phrenology, and were later used to refer merely to the study of the skull, as in anthropology. [14] Many of the other words had or have meanings in other sciences, and their use to refer to the study of phrenology is now archaic.