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  2. Helmholtz reciprocity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_reciprocity

    Intuitively, "If I can see you, you can see me." Like the principles of thermodynamics, in suitable conditions, this principle is reliable enough to use as a check on the correct performance of experiments, in contrast with the usual situation in which the experiments are tests of a proposed law. [1] [12]

  3. Fresnel equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_equations

    The relationship between these angles is given by the law of reflection: =, and Snell's law: ⁡ = ⁡. The behavior of light striking the interface is explained by considering the electric and magnetic fields that constitute an electromagnetic wave , and the laws of electromagnetism , as shown below .

  4. Verification and validation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verification_and_validation

    Verification is intended to check that a product, service, or system meets a set of design specifications. [6] [7] In the development phase, verification procedures involve performing special tests to model or simulate a portion, or the entirety, of a product, service, or system, then performing a review or analysis of the modeling results. In ...

  5. Statutory interpretation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_interpretation

    Statutory interpretation first became significant in common law systems, of which historically England is the exemplar. In Roman and civil law, a statute (or code) guides the magistrate, but there is no judicial precedent.

  6. Code: Version 2.0 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code:_Version_2.0

    Code: Version 2.0 is a 2006 book by Harvard law professor Lawrence Lessig which proposes that governments have broad regulatory powers over the Internet. [1] The book is released under a Creative Commons license , CC BY-SA 2.5.

  7. Scientific law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_law

    Scientific laws or laws of science are statements, based on repeated experiments or observations, that describe or predict a range of natural phenomena. [1] The term law has diverse usage in many cases (approximate, accurate, broad, or narrow) across all fields of natural science (physics, chemistry, astronomy, geoscience, biology).

  8. Falsifiability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifiability

    Criteria that require that a law must be predictive, just as is required by falsifiability (when applied to laws), Popper wrote, "have been put forward as criteria of the meaningfulness of sentences (rather than as criteria of demarcation applicable to theoretical systems) again and again after the publication of my book, even by critics who ...

  9. Logical positivism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_positivism

    Logical positivism, also known as logical empiricism or neo-positivism, was a philosophical movement, in the empiricist tradition, that sought to formulate a scientific philosophy in which philosophical discourse would be, in the perception of its proponents, as authoritative and meaningful as empirical science.