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Retinyl palmitate, or vitamin A palmitate, is the ester of retinol and palmitic acid, with formula C 36 H 60 O 2. It is the most abundant form of vitamin A storage in animals. [2] An alternate spelling, retinol palmitate, which violates the -yl organic chemical naming convention for esters, is also frequently seen. [citation needed]
First generation retinoids are produced naturally in the body and interact with their normal biological counterparts, such as retinol binding protein 4 for retinol, retinoid receptors for all-trans-retinoic acid or 9-cis-retinoic acid. [9] 13-cis retinoic acid has an unknown biological pathway but appears to act as a growth factor. [10]
As an ingredient in skin-care products, it is used to reduce wrinkles and other effects of skin aging. [4] Retinol at normal doses is well tolerated. [1] High doses may cause enlargement of the liver, dry skin, and hypervitaminosis A. [1] [5] High doses during pregnancy may harm the fetus. [1] The body converts retinol to retinal and retinoic ...
Vitamin A occurs as two principal forms in foods: A) retinoids, found in animal-sourced foods, either as retinol or bound to a fatty acid to become a retinyl ester, and B) the carotenoids α-carotene (alpha-carotene), β-carotene, γ-carotene (gamma-carotene), and the xanthophyll beta-cryptoxanthin (all of which contain β-ionone rings) that ...
Available in prescription and over-the-counter form in various concentrations and under different names like retinol, retinoic acid, tretinoin, retinyl palmitate, retinyl linoleate and retinyl ...
an all-trans-retinyl ester + H 2 O = 11-cis-retinol + a fatty acid. This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name is all-trans-retinyl ester acylhydrolase, 11-cis retinol-forming. This enzyme participates in retinol metabolism.
aluminium chlorohydrate: basic aluminium chloride Al 2 (OH) 5 Cl or Al 2 (OH) x Cl 6−x (0<x<6) antitranspirant aluminium hydroxide: Al(OH) 3: opacifying agent; skin protectant aqua water: solvent ascorbyl glucoside: C 12 H 18 O 11: carrier of vitamin C (water-soluble) ascorbyl palmitate: C 22 H 38 O 7: carrier of vitamin C (fat-soluble)
Retinoic acid (simplified nomenclature for all-trans-retinoic acid) is a metabolite of vitamin A 1 (all-trans-retinol) that is required for embryonic development, male fertility, regulation of bone growth and immune function. [2]