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In control theory, a bang–bang controller (hysteresis, 2 step or on–off controller), is a feedback controller that switches abruptly between two states. These controllers may be realized in terms of any element that provides hysteresis. They are often used to control a plant that accepts a binary input, for example a furnace that is either ...
Hysteresis is essential to the workings of some memristors (circuit components which "remember" changes in the current passing through them by changing their resistance). [7] Hysteresis can be used when connecting arrays of elements such as nanoelectronics, electrochrome cells and memory effect devices using passive matrix addressing.
If the unemployment rate exhibits hysteresis, then it follows a statistically non-stationary process, because the expected value of the unemployment rate now and in the future permanently shifts when the rate itself changes. The process with hysteresis is a unit root process, which in its simplest form can be characterized as
blocked rotor test A test of an electric machine where the machine is energized but the shaft is prevented from turning. Blu-ray A type of optical disc written and read using a blue/violet laser. Bode plot A plot of the amplitude and phase frequency response of a system, where the actual response is approximated by straight line segments.
This effect is called hysteresis: the input voltage has to drop past a different, lower threshold to 'un-latch' the output and reset it to its original digital value. By reducing the extent of the positive feedback, the hysteresis-width can be reduced, but it can not entirely be eradicated. The Schmitt trigger is, to some extent, a latching ...
A family of hysteresis loops for grain-oriented electrical steel, a soft magnetic material. B R denotes retentivity and H C is the coercivity. The wider the outside loop is, the higher the coercivity. Movement on the loops is counterclockwise.
Hysteresis is an important concept in alternative stable state theory. In this ecological context, hysteresis refers to the existence of different stable states under the same variables or parameters. Hysteresis can be explained by "path-dependency", in which the equilibrium point for the trajectory of "A → B" is different from for "B → A ...
The hysteresis loop (P x versus E x) may be obtained from the free energy expansion by including the term −E x P x corresponding to the energy due to an external electric field E x interacting with the polarization P x, as follows: