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The closest pair of points problem or closest pair problem is a problem of computational geometry: given points in metric space, find a pair of points with the smallest distance between them. The closest pair problem for points in the Euclidean plane [ 1 ] was among the first geometric problems that were treated at the origins of the systematic ...
A point P has coordinates (x, y) with respect to the original system and coordinates (x′, y′) with respect to the new system. [1] In the new coordinate system, the point P will appear to have been rotated in the opposite direction, that is, clockwise through the angle . A rotation of axes in more than two dimensions is defined similarly.
Solutions to the no-three-in-line problem can be used to avoid certain kinds of degeneracies in graph drawing. The problem they apply to involves placing the vertices of a given graph at integer coordinates in the plane, and drawing the edges of the graph as straight line segments.
A Cartesian coordinate system in two dimensions (also called a rectangular coordinate system or an orthogonal coordinate system [8]) is defined by an ordered pair of perpendicular lines (axes), a single unit of length for both axes, and an orientation for each axis. The point where the axes meet is taken as the origin for both, thus turning ...
Illustration of a Cartesian coordinate plane. Four points are marked and labeled with their coordinates: (2,3) in green, (−3,1) in red, (−1.5,−2.5) in blue, and the origin (0,0) in purple. In analytic geometry, the plane is given a coordinate system, by which every point has a pair of real number coordinates.
In either the coordinate or vector formulations, one may verify that the given point lies on the given plane by plugging the point into the equation of the plane. To see that it is the closest point to the origin on the plane, observe that p {\displaystyle \mathbf {p} } is a scalar multiple of the vector v {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} } defining ...
Two of the seven non-isomorphic solutions to this problem can be embedded as structures in the Fano 3-space. In particular, a spread of PG(3, 2) is a partition of points into disjoint lines, and corresponds to the arrangement of girls (points) into disjoint rows (lines of a spread) for a single day of Kirkman's schoolgirl problem. There are 56 ...
A systematic solution for the paths of geodesics was given by Legendre (1806) and Oriani (1806) (and subsequent papers in 1808 and 1810). The full solution for the direct problem (complete with computational tables and a worked out example) is given by Bessel (1825). During the 18th century geodesics were typically referred to as "shortest lines".