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Fixed-point computation refers to the process of computing an exact or approximate fixed point of a given function. [1] In its most common form, the given function f {\displaystyle f} satisfies the condition to the Brouwer fixed-point theorem : that is, f {\displaystyle f} is continuous and maps the unit d -cube to itself.
The Banach fixed-point theorem (1922) gives a general criterion guaranteeing that, if it is satisfied, the procedure of iterating a function yields a fixed point. [2]By contrast, the Brouwer fixed-point theorem (1911) is a non-constructive result: it says that any continuous function from the closed unit ball in n-dimensional Euclidean space to itself must have a fixed point, [3] but it doesn ...
The function () = + (shown in red) has the fixed points 0, 1, and 2. In mathematics, a fixed point (sometimes shortened to fixpoint), also known as an invariant point, is a value that does not change under a given transformation. Specifically, for functions, a fixed point is an element that is mapped to itself by the function. Any set of fixed ...
In numerical analysis, fixed-point iteration is a method of computing fixed points of a function.. More specifically, given a function defined on the real numbers with real values and given a point in the domain of , the fixed-point iteration is + = (), =,,, … which gives rise to the sequence,,, … of iterated function applications , (), (()), … which is hoped to converge to a point .
In the finite-dimensional case, the Lefschetz fixed-point theorem provided from 1926 a method for counting fixed points. In 1930, Brouwer's fixed-point theorem was generalized to Banach spaces. [41] This generalization is known as Schauder's fixed-point theorem, a result generalized further by S. Kakutani to set-valued functions. [42]
In his thesis, Boyce identified a pair of functions that commute under composition, but do not have a common fixed point, proving the fixed point conjecture to be false. [ 14 ] In 1963, Glenn Baxter and Joichi published a paper about the fixed points of the composite function h ( x ) = f ( g ( x ) ) = g ( f ( x ) ) {\displaystyle h(x)=f(g(x))=g ...
The fixed-point theorem shows that no total computable function is fixed-point free, but there are many non-computable fixed-point-free functions. Arslanov's completeness criterion states that the only recursively enumerable Turing degree that computes a fixed-point-free function is 0′ , the degree of the halting problem .
Calculus Made Easy ignores the use of limits with its epsilon-delta definition, replacing it with a method of approximating (to arbitrary precision) directly to the correct answer in the infinitesimal spirit of Leibniz, now formally justified in modern nonstandard analysis and smooth infinitesimal analysis.
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