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Elephants can produce infrasonic calls which occur at frequencies less than 20 Hz. [ 14] Infrasonic calls are important, particularly for long-distance communication, [ 1] in both Asian and African elephants. For Asian elephants, these calls have a frequency of 14–24 Hz, with sound pressure levels of 85–90 dB and last 10–15 seconds. [ 15]
Elephant cognition is animal cognition as present in elephants. Most contemporary ethologists view the elephant as one of the world's most intelligent animals. With a mass of between 11-13 pounds, an elephant's brain has more mass than that of any other land animal, and although the largest whales have body masses twenty times those of a ...
Conservation biologist. Caitlin Elizabeth O'Connell-Rodwell (born 1965) is an American conservation biologist and author. [1] She is an instructor at Harvard Medical School, scientific consultant, co-founder and chief executive officer of Utopia Scientific, and an expert on elephants. Her elephant research was the subject of the Elephant King ...
Animal languages are forms of non-human animal communication that show similarities to human language. [ 1] Animals communicate through a variety of signs, such as sounds and movements. Signing among animals may be considered a form of language if the inventory of signs is large enough. The signs are relatively arbitrary, and the animals seem ...
The following is a non-exhaustive list of standardized tests that assess a person's language proficiency of a foreign/secondary language. Various types of such exams exist per many languages—some are organized at an international level even through national authoritative organizations, while others simply for specific limited business or study orientation.
International English Language Testing System (IELTS / ˈ aɪ. ɛ l t s /) [6] is an international standardized test of English language proficiency for non-native English language speakers. It is jointly managed by the British Council, IDP and Cambridge English, [6] and was established in 1989. IELTS is one of the major English-language tests ...
The Amboseli Elephant Research Project is a long-term research project on the ethology of the African elephant, operated by the nonprofit Amboseli Trust for Elephants. The project studies the elephant's social behavior, age structure and population dynamics. [ 1] It is the longest running study of elephant behavior in the wild, [ 2] and has ...
Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of letters, symbols, etc., especially by sight or touch. [1] [2] [3] [4]For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.