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The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children (aka Essential Medicines List for Children [1] or EMLc [1]), published by the World Health Organization (WHO), contains the medications considered to be most effective and safe in children up to twelve years of age to meet the most important needs in a health system. [2] [3]
Lactulose is a non-absorbable sugar used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It is administered orally for constipation, and either orally or rectally for hepatic encephalopathy . [ 3 ]
A separate list for children up to 12 years of age, known as the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children (EMLc), was created in 2007 and is in its 9th edition. [ 10 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] It was created to make sure that the needs of children were systematically considered such as availability of proper formulations .
Dosage and Administration - gives recommended dosage(s); may list more than one for different conditions or different patients (e.g., lower dosages for children) How Supplied - includes the dosage form(s), strength(s), units in which the dosage form(s) are ordinarily available, identifying features of the dosage form(s) such as the National ...
A randomized controlled trial found greater improvement from two sachets (26 g) of PEG versus two sachets (20 g) of lactulose. [22] 17 g per day of PEG has been effective and safe in a randomized, controlled trial for six months. [23] Another randomized, controlled trial found no difference between sorbitol and lactulose. [24]
The main use is for treatment of constipation. In surgery it is used for pre-operative evacuation of the bowel. [3] In diagnostic testing it is used before x-ray examinations or physical examinations of the colon. It is safe for use in children. [4] If used in children under 3 years, it is recommended that the nozzle is only inserted half way. [5]
Lactulose is a carbohydrate that is not absorbed by humans. Lactulose is well known to measure oro-cecal transit time. [11] [1] [4] The mean oro-cecal transit time in normal healthy individuals is 70 to 90 minutes. [12] [13] [8] By 90 minutes, at least 50% of individuals would have delivered the lactulose dose to the colon. Approximately 90 to ...
In a medicine that is administered periodically, the trough level should be measured just before the administration of the next dose in order to avoid overdosing. [3] A trough level is contrasted with a "peak level" ( C max ), which is the highest level of the medicine in the body, and the "average level", which is the mean level over time.
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