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square meter (m 2) differential element of volume V enclosed by surface S: cubic meter (m 3) electric field: newton per coulomb (N⋅C −1), or equivalently, volt per meter (V⋅m −1) energy: joule (J) Young's modulus: pascal (Pa) or newton per square meter (N/m 2) eccentricity
The equation PV = nRT represents the ideal gas law, where P is the pressure of the gas, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the temperature. Gibbs's free energy formula
In physics, there are equations in every field to relate physical quantities to each other and perform calculations. Entire handbooks of equations can only summarize most of the full subject, else are highly specialized within a certain field. Physics is derived of formulae only.
where t = t(n) is called the surface traction, integrated over the surface of the body, in turn n denotes a unit vector normal and directed outwards to the surface S. Let the coordinate system ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) be an inertial frame of reference , r be the position vector of a point particle in the continuous body with respect to the origin of ...
There are two main descriptions of motion: dynamics and kinematics.Dynamics is general, since the momenta, forces and energy of the particles are taken into account. In this instance, sometimes the term dynamics refers to the differential equations that the system satisfies (e.g., Newton's second law or Euler–Lagrange equations), and sometimes to the solutions to those equations.
Classical mechanics is the branch of physics used to describe the motion of macroscopic objects. [1] It is the most familiar of the theories of physics. The concepts it covers, such as mass, acceleration, and force, are commonly used and known. [2]
Mass per unit volume kg/m 3: L −3 M: intensive Mean lifetime: τ: Average time for a particle of a substance to decay s T: intensive Molar concentration: C: Amount of substance per unit volume mol⋅m −3: L −3 N: intensive Molar energy: J/mol: Amount of energy present in a system per unit amount of substance J/mol L 2 M T −2 N −1 ...
The equation for the mass shell is also often written in terms of the four-momentum; in Einstein notation with metric signature (+,−,−,−) and units where the speed of light =, as =. In the literature, one may also encounter p μ p μ = − m 0 2 {\displaystyle p^{\mu }p_{\mu }=-m_{0}^{2}} if the metric signature used is (−,+,+,+).