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[2] In biology, intrinsic effects originate from inside an organism or cell, such as an autoimmune disease or intrinsic immunity. In electronics and optics, intrinsic properties of devices (or systems of devices) are generally those that are free from the influence of various types of non-essential defects. [3]
Based on the properties of charge transport, the photoconductive polymers usually satisfy one of the features: (1)Photoconductive polymers are σ-conjugated. (2)Photoconductive polymers have an extended π-electron system in the backbone pendant to the chain. These features guarantee delocalization and stabilize the transport charge.
Permeability, or intrinsic permeability, (k, unit: m 2) is a part of this, and is a specific property characteristic of the solid skeleton and the microstructure of the porous medium itself, independently of the nature and properties of the fluid flowing through the pores of the medium.
It is an intrinsic property of a substance that is caused by the shape and structure of its molecules, which makes the distribution of surrounding electrons irregular when molecules get close to one another, creating electrical attraction that can maintain a macroscopic structure such as a water drop.
In all, if the thermodynamic space is D dimensions, then there will be D equations for each potential, resulting in a total of D 2 D equations of state because 2 D thermodynamic potentials exist. If the D equations of state for a particular potential are known, then the fundamental equation for that potential (i.e., the exact differential of ...
Historically, the term 'free energy' has been used for either quantity. In physics, free energy most often refers to the Helmholtz free energy, denoted by A (or F), while in chemistry, free energy most often refers to the Gibbs free energy. The values of the two free energies are usually quite similar and the intended free energy function is ...
The intrinsic properties of particles, such as charge, mass, and spin, are determined by gauge symmetry. The photon concept has led to momentous advances in experimental and theoretical physics, including lasers , Bose–Einstein condensation , quantum field theory , and the probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics.
[1] When light is absorbed by a material such as a semiconductor , the number of free electrons and holes increases, resulting in increased electrical conductivity. [ 2 ] To cause excitation, the light that strikes the semiconductor must have enough energy to raise electrons across the band gap , or to excite the impurities within the band gap.