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In many cases, upward conflict spirals are sustained by the norms of reciprocity: if one group or person criticizes the other, the criticized person or group feels justified in doing the same. In conflict situations, opponents often follow the norm of rough reciprocity, i.e. they give too much (overmatching) or too little (undermatching) in return.
Gatekeeping is therefore likely to be secretive and haphazard. It may distort, and also fix, meaning in conflict coverage and obfuscate the production of meaning [clarification needed]. [24] Peace journalism evaluative criteria might be applied to show how conventional conflict reporting is biased in favor of violence and violent groups.
Peace and conflict studies is a social science field that identifies and analyzes violent and nonviolent behaviors as well as the structural mechanisms attending conflicts (including social conflicts), to understand those processes which lead to a more desirable human condition. [1]
A primary explanation was the desire to avoid escalating the conflict between Ukraine and Russia or the fear of being involved in this conflict. [ 57 ] They tried to the recovery of surface forces up to 2030 by deploying boats of the ‘ mosquito fleet ’ supported by coastal artillery, but this project was abandoned due to technical difficulties.
Conflict resolution is conceptualized as the methods and processes involved in facilitating the peaceful ending of conflict and retribution.Committed group members attempt to resolve group conflicts by actively communicating information about their conflicting motives or ideologies to the rest of group (e.g., intentions; reasons for holding certain beliefs) and by engaging in collective ...
Conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East are eating into U.S. stockpiles of air defenses, the top U.S. admiral overseeing American forces in the Asia-Pacific region said on Tuesday. The admission ...
The United Nations held its first water conference in decades, focusing on crises and solutions. The U.N. chief said 'water is in deep trouble' globally.
This proved damaging to the United States as the full brutality of war became a daily feature on the nightly news. News coverage gives combatants an opportunity to forward information and arguments to the media. By this means, conflict parties attempt to use the media to gain support from their constituencies and dissuade their opponents. [3]