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Similarly, a k-isohedral tiling has k separate symmetry orbits (it may contain m different face shapes, for m = k, or only for some m < k). [ 6 ] ("1-isohedral" is the same as "isohedral".) A monohedral polyhedron or monohedral tiling ( m = 1) has congruent faces, either directly or reflectively, which occur in one or more symmetry positions.
The dual of a non-convex polyhedron is also a non-convex polyhedron. [2] ( By contraposition.) There are ten non-convex isotoxal polyhedra based on the quasiregular octahedron, cuboctahedron, and icosidodecahedron: the five (quasiregular) hemipolyhedra based on the quasiregular octahedron, cuboctahedron, and icosidodecahedron, and their five (infinite) duals:
2-uniform, 4-isohedral, 4-isotoxal In geometry of the Euclidean plane, the 3-4-6-12 tiling is one of 20 2-uniform tilings of the Euclidean plane by regular polygons , containing regular triangles , squares , hexagons and dodecagons , arranged in two vertex configuration : 3.4.6.4 and 4.6.12.
It is topologically related to a polyhedra sequence; see discussion.This group is special for having all even number of edges per vertex and form bisecting planes through the polyhedra and infinite lines in the plane, and are the reflection domains for the (2,3,n) triangle groups – for the heptagonal tiling, the important (2,3,7) triangle group.
Such periodic tilings of convex polygons may be classified by the number of orbits of vertices, edges and tiles. If there are k orbits of vertices, a tiling is known as k-uniform or k-isogonal; if there are t orbits of tiles, as t-isohedral; if there are e orbits of edges, as e-isotoxal.
All four tilings are 2-isohedral. The chiral pairs of tiles are colored in yellow and green for one isohedral set, and two shades of blue for the other set. The pgg symmetry is reduced to p2 when the chiral pairs are considered distinct. The tiling by type 9 tiles is edge-to-edge, but the others are not. Each primitive unit contains eight tiles.
The problem of anisohedral tiling has been generalised by saying that the isohedral number of a tile is the lowest number orbits (equivalence classes) of tiles in any tiling of that tile under the action of the symmetry group of that tiling, and that a tile with isohedral number k is k-anisohedral.
All isohedral (=tile-transitive) tilings use tile types 1-5, usually with additional conditions necessary for the tiling. The statement that B. Grünbaum and G. C. Shephard 'have shown that there are exactly twenty-four distinct "types" of tile-transitive tilings by pentagons according to their classification scheme' is on page 33 of D ...
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