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Bipolar I disorder requires confirmation of only 1 full manic episode for diagnosis, but may be associated with hypomanic and depressive episodes as well. [7] Diagnosis for bipolar II disorder does not include a full manic episode; instead, it requires the occurrence of both a hypomanic episode and a major depressive episode. [7]
The global prevalence of bipolar disorder is estimated to be between 1–5% of the world's population. [11] While the causes of this mood disorder are not clearly understood, both genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role. [4] Genetic factors may account for up to 70–90% of the risk of developing bipolar disorder.
Bipolar disorder has also been found to be comorbid with obsessive compulsive disorder and it has resulted in higher suicide rates for comorbid patients than noncomorbid patients. Increasingly, evidence points towards abnormalities in epigenetic mechanism as a reason behind mood disorders such as major depressive disorder and schizophrenia.
Bipolar disorder can also involve depressive episodes, which have the same symptoms that people with major depressive disorder experience. ... Common comorbid conditions include: Anxiety disorders ...
Bipolar disorder is associated with elevated basal and dexamethasone elicited cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). These abnormalities are particularly prominent in mania, and are inversely associated with antipsychotic use. [97] The incidence of psychiatric symptoms associated with corticosteroids is between 6% and 32%.
There are several childhood precursors in children who later receive a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. They may show subtle early traits such as mood abnormalities, full major depressive episodes, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. [1] BD is also accompanied by changes in cognition processes and abilities.
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