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An electron-withdrawing group (EWG) is a group or atom that has the ability to draw electron density toward itself and away from other adjacent atoms. [1] This electron density transfer is often achieved by resonance or inductive effects.
An electron donating group (EDG) or electron releasing group (ERG, Z in structural formulas) is an atom or functional group that donates some of its electron density into a conjugated π system via resonance (mesomerism) or inductive effects (or induction)—called +M or +I effects, respectively—thus making the π system more nucleophilic.
A textbook in 22 chapters that provides a complete introduction to economics and is used in approximately 500 universities worldwide. This economics textbook was designed as the source material for taught courses in the first year of an undergraduate degree, although it has also been used in schools, and for advanced courses in public policy.
The book showed how operationally meaningful theorems can be described with a small number of analogous methods, thus providing "a general theory of economic theories." It moved mathematics out of the appendices (as in John R. Hicks's Value and Capital ) and helped change how standard economic analysis across subjects could be done with the ...
Principles of Economics [1] is an introductory economics textbook by Harvard economics professor N. Gregory Mankiw. It was first published in 1997 and has ten editions as of 2024. [ 2 ] The book was discussed before its publication for the large advance Mankiw received for it from its publisher Harcourt [ 3 ] and has sold over a million copies ...
Other economics handbooks, whether general or specialized, may come from publishers as part of a series beyond extending economics [11] or on ad hoc basis. [ 12 ] A Google Scholar "economics handbook" search indexes the range of topics treated, as does a New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online article search by topics, using the JEL ...
The endogenous growth theory primarily holds that the long run growth rate of an economy depends on policy measures. For example, subsidies for research and development or education increase the growth rate in some endogenous growth models by increasing the incentive for innovation.
An electric effect influences the structure, reactivity, or properties of a molecule but is neither a traditional bond nor a steric effect. [1] In organic chemistry, the term stereoelectronic effect is also used to emphasize the relation between the electronic structure and the geometry (stereochemistry) of a molecule.