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The line at infinity is added to the real plane. This completes the plane, because now parallel lines intersect at a point which lies on the line at infinity. Also, if any pair of lines do not intersect at a point on the line, then the pair of lines are parallel. Every line intersects the line at infinity at some point.
Two lines that are parallel to the same line are also parallel to each other. In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides (Pythagoras' theorem). [6] [7] The law of cosines, a generalization of Pythagoras' theorem. There is no upper limit to the area of a triangle. (Wallis axiom) [8]
In any affine space (including a Euclidean space) the set of lines parallel to a given line (sharing the same direction) is also called a pencil, and the vertex of each pencil of parallel lines is a distinct point at infinity; including these points results in a projective space in which every pair of lines has an intersection.
The special case in analytic geometry of parallel lines is subsumed in the smoother form of a line at infinity on which P lies. The line at infinity is thus a line like any other in the theory: it is in no way special or distinguished. (In the later spirit of the Erlangen programme one could point to the way the group of transformations can ...
Parallel lines in the Euclidean plane are said to intersect at a point at infinity corresponding to their common direction. Given a point ( x , y ) {\displaystyle (x,y)} on the Euclidean plane, for any non-zero real number Z {\displaystyle Z} , the triple ( x Z , y Z , Z ) {\displaystyle (xZ,yZ,Z)} is called a set of homogeneous coordinates for ...
In this expanded plane, we define the polar of the point O to be the line at infinity (and O is the pole of the line at infinity), and the poles of the lines through O are the points of infinity where, if a line has slope s (≠ 0) its pole is the infinite point associated to the parallel class of lines with slope −1/s.
The question of the existence of an ordinary line can also be posed for points in the real projective plane RP 2 instead of the Euclidean plane.The projective plane can be formed from the Euclidean plane by adding extra points "at infinity" where lines that are parallel in the Euclidean plane intersect each other, and by adding a single line "at infinity" containing all the added points.
Riemann's elliptic geometry over Ω(t) consists of the projective plane over Ω(t), which can be identified with the affine plane of points (x:y:1) together with the "line at infinity", and has the property that the sum of the angles of any triangle is greater than π The non-Legendrian geometry consists of the points (x:y:1) of this affine ...