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Flow cytometry is often used to establish the clonal nature of the plasma cells, which will generally express only kappa or lambda light chain. Cytogenetics may also be performed in myeloma for prognostic purposes, including a myeloma-specific fluorescent in situ hybridization and virtual karyotype. [citation needed]
Free immunoglobulin light chains secreted by neoplastic plasma cells, such as in multiple myeloma, can be called Bence Jones protein when detected in the urine, although there is a trend to refer to these as urinary free light chains. Increased levels of free Ig light chains have also been detected in various inflammatory diseases.
Light chains only (or Bence Jones protein). This may be associated with multiple myeloma or AL amyloidosis. Heavy chains only (also known as "heavy chain disease"); Whole immunoglobulins. If immunoglobulins tend to precipitate within blood vessels with cold, that phenomenon takes the name of cryoglobulinaemia.
Bence Jones protein is a monoclonal globulin protein or immunoglobulin light chain found in the urine, with a molecular weight of 22–24 kDa. [1] Detection of Bence Jones protein may be suggestive of multiple myeloma, [2] or Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. [citation needed]
Light chain multiple myeloma is diagnosed in patients who have: a) the criteria for diagnosis of multiple myeloma except having a serum free light chain ratio outside the normal range of 0.26 to 1.65 without evidence of an intact immunoglobulin or free heavy chain; or b) an extreme free light chain ratio, i.e. outside the range of 0.02 to 100 ...
NS0 cells are a model cell line derived from the nonsecreting murine myeloma used in biomedical research and commercially in the production of therapeutic proteins. [1] The cell line is a cholesterol-dependent cell line that was generated from a subline of NSI/1 which produced only the light chain but no heavy chain. [2] [3]
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