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  2. Abbott v. Sandoz - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbott_v._Sandoz

    Abbott v. Sandoz, 566 F.3d 1282 (Fed. Cir. 2009), [1] was a US patent law case argued before the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit that established a bright-line ruling regarding claims of patent infringement relating to disagreements over so-called “product-by-process” claims.

  3. Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical ...

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_Process_Equipment...

    Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp., 382 U.S. 172 (1965), was a 1965 decision of the United States Supreme Court that held, for the first time, that enforcement of a fraudulently procured patent violated the antitrust laws and provided a basis for a claim of treble damages if it caused a substantial anticompetitive effect.

  4. G 2/12 and G 2/13 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_2/12_and_G_2/13

    The cases concern the patentability of biological products through the description of the procedure for achieving that product (a product-by-process claim). The Enlarged Board of Appeal ruled that such products were patentable and not in conflict with Article 53(b) EPC , which does not allow patents for "essentially biological" processes.

  5. Diamond v. Diehr - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_v._Diehr

    Diamond v. Diehr, 450 U.S. 175 (1981), was a United States Supreme Court decision which held that controlling the execution of a physical process, by running a computer program did not preclude patentability of the invention as a whole.

  6. Novartis v. Union of India & Others - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novartis_v._Union_of_India...

    In 1970, amendments to the Indian Patents Act abolished product patents but retained process patents with a reduced span of protection. During the absence of any product patent regime, the Indian pharmaceutical industry grew at a remarkable pace, ultimately becoming a net exporter, the world's third-largest by volume, and fourteenth-largest by ...

  7. Say's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say's_law

    In classical economics, Say's law, or the law of markets, is the claim that the production of a product creates demand for another product by providing something of value which can be exchanged for that other product. So, production is the source of demand.

  8. Fix problems reading or receiving AOL Mail

    help.aol.com/articles/fix-problems-reading-or...

    If that happens, depending on the amount of time you've been inactive, you may lose some emails during the deletion process. Fix problems reading & retrieving mail If you're having problems reading and retrieving your AOL Mail, the following troubleshooting steps:

  9. By-product - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By-product

    The plastic used in plastic shopping bags also started as a by-product of oil refining. [1] By-products are sometimes called co-products to indicate that although they are secondary, they are desired products. For example, hides and leather may be called co-products of beef production. There is no strict distinction between by-products and co ...