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Manifest functions are the consequences that people see, observe or even expect. It is explicitly stated and understood by the participants in the relevant action. The manifest function of a rain dance, according to Merton in his 1957 Social Theory and Social Structure, is to produce rain, and this outcome is intended and desired by people participating in the ritual.
Related to—yet distinct from—the manifest content, the latent content of the dream is the unconscious thoughts, drives, and desires that lie behind the dream as it appears. These thoughts in their raw form are permanently barred from consciousness by the mechanism of repression, but continue to exert pressure in the direction of consciousness.
In education, a curriculum (/ k ə ˈ r ɪ k j ʊ l ə m /; pl.: curriculums or curricula / k ə ˈ r ɪ k j ʊ l ə /) is the totality of student experiences that occur in an educational process. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The term often refers specifically to a planned sequence of instruction, or to a view of the student's experiences in terms of the ...
A latent variable model is a statistical model that relates a set of observable variables (also called manifest variables or indicators) [1] to a set of latent variables. Latent variable models are applied across a wide range of fields such as biology, computer science, and social science. [ 2 ]
Various aspects of learning contribute to the success of the hidden curriculum, including practices, procedures, rules, relationships, and structures. [1] These school-specific aspects of learning may include, but are not limited to, the social structures of the classroom, the teacher's exercise of authority, the teacher's use of language, rules governing the relationship between teachers and ...
In latent learning, one changes behavior only when there is sufficient motivation later than when they subconsciously retained the information. [1] Latent learning is when the observation of something, rather than experiencing something directly, can affect later behavior. Observational learning can be many things. A human observes a behavior ...
In distinguishing between manifest and latent functions, Merton argued that one must dig to discover latent functions. His example from his 1949 piece, "Manifest and Latent Functions", was an analysis of political machines. Manifest and latent functions were devised to prelude the inadvertent confusion between conscious motivations for social ...
The term latent is used to emphasize that discrete item responses are taken to be observable manifestations of hypothesized traits, constructs, or attributes, not directly observed, but which must be inferred from the manifest responses. Latent trait models were developed in the field of sociology, but are virtually identical to IRT models.