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The ligamenta flava (sg.: ligamentum flavum, Latin for yellow ligament) are a series of ligaments that connect the ventral parts of the laminae of adjacent vertebrae. They help to preserve upright posture, preventing hyperflexion, and ensuring that the vertebral column straightens after flexion. Hypertrophy can cause spinal stenosis.
The bases of denticulate ligaments arise in the pia mater and are firmly attached to the arachnoid mater and dura mater at the apex. [2] The denticulate ligaments extend across the subarachnoid space between anterior nerve roots and posterior nerve roots, piercing the intervening spinal arachnoid mater to reach the dura.
From the anterior border of the nuchal ligament, a fibrous lamina is given off. This is attached to the posterior tubercle of the atlas, and to the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae, and forms a septum between the muscles on either side of the neck. The trapezius and splenius capitis muscle attach to the nuchal ligament.
Inferiorly, it becomes continuous with the anterior sacrococcygeal ligament. [3] Superiorly, between the skull and atlas, the ligament is continuous laterally with the anterior atlantooccipital membrane. [4] The ligament is thick and slightly more narrow over the vertebral bodies and thinner but slightly wider over the intervertebral discs. [5]
This ligament is composed of smooth, shining, longitudinal fibers - denser and more compact than those of the anterior longitudinal ligament - and consists of superficial layers occupying the interval between three or four vertebræ, and deeper layers which extend between adjacent vertebrae. [4] Deep fibres run between each vertebral body. [1]
The proportions of the vertebrae differ according to their spinal segment and the particular species. The basic configuration of a vertebra varies; the bone is the body, and the central part of the body is the centrum. The upper and lower surfaces of the vertebra body give attachment to the intervertebral discs.
The interspinous ligaments (interspinal ligaments) are thin, membranous ligaments that connect adjoining spinous processes of the vertebra in the spine. [1] [2] They take the form of relatively weak sheets of fibrous tissue and are well developed only in the lumbar region. [3] They extend from the root to the apex of each spinous process.
The ligament consists of three bands: [3] The superior band extends superior-ward from the rib to the above vertebra. [2] [3] The intermediate portion - short and least distinct [2] - extend horizontally from the rib to the IV disc, [2] [3] blending with it. The intermediate band is situated deep to the anterior longitudinal ligament. [3]