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A Phase III trial was reported in 2011, concluding that the use of exemestane in postmenopausal women at an increased risk for breast cancer reduced the incidence of invasive breast cancer. In 4,560 women, after 35 months, the administration of exemestane at a dose of 25 mg/day resulted in a 65% reduction in the risk of breast cancer compared ...
Tamoxifen is currently first-line treatment for nearly all pre-menopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. [1] Raloxifene is another partial agonist SERM which does not seem to promote endometrial cancer, and is used primarily for chemoprevention of breast cancer in high-risk individuals, as well as to prevent osteoporosis. [1]
High-dose chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant (HDC/BMT), also high-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplant (HDC/ABMT or just ABMT), was an ineffective treatment regimen for metastatic breast cancer, and later high-risk breast cancer, that was considered promising during the 1980s and 1990s.
AIs inhibit the enzyme aromatase that converts testosterone to estrogen and that is used clinically in treatments of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Currently, two types of NSAIs are used for breast cancer, anastrozole and letrozole. They are used as first-line therapy in metastatic breast cancer and also in adjuvant treatment. [1]
Steroidal aromatase inhibitors are a class of drugs that are mostly used for treating breast cancer in postmenopausal women. High levels of estrogen in breast tissue increases the risk of developing breast cancer and the enzyme aromatase is considered to be a good therapeutic target when treating breast cancer due to it being involved in the final step of estrogen biosynthetic pathway and also ...
Anastrozole, sold under the brand name Arimidex among others, is an antiestrogenic medication used in addition to other treatments for breast cancer. [6] [7] Specifically it is used for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. [7] It has also been used to prevent breast cancer in those at high risk. [7] It is taken by mouth. [7]
Upper-limb dysfunction is a common side effect of breast cancer treatment. [65] Shoulder range of motion can be impaired after surgery. Exercise can meaningfully improve should range of motion in women with breast cancer. [65] An exercise programme can be started early after surgery, if it does not negatively affect wound drainage. [65] [66] [67]
Metastatic breast cancer to the lung or pleura causes chronic cough, dyspnea, abnormal chest X-ray, and chest pain. Other nonspecific systemic symptoms of metastatic breast cancer include fatigue, malaise, weight loss, and poor appetite. Sometimes people with metastatic breast cancer do not have any notable changes or symptoms. [8]