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Gut microbiota, gut microbiome, or gut flora are the microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses, that live in the digestive tracts of animals. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The gastrointestinal metagenome is the aggregate of all the genomes of the gut microbiota .
Changing from a carbohydrate diet to various protein-rich diets may lead to weight loss, reduced body fat, and rapid changes in gut microbiome composition, a study in mice indicates.
Different host genotypes can influence the identity of MACs available to the microbiota in multiple ways. For example, a host's genes may affect the level of mucus structures, such as the absence of alpha-1-2 fucose residues in the mucus of nonsecretor individuals who lack alpha-1-2- fucosyltransferase activity in the intestine. [6]
The microbiome is dynamic: it varies between individuals, over time, and can influenced by both endogenous and exogenous forces. [ 2 ] Abundant research in invertebrates [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] has shown that endosymbionts may be transmitted vertically to oocytes or externally transmitted during oviposition. [ 6 ]
As the infant microbiome is established, commensal bacteria quickly populate the gut, prompting a range of immune responses and "programming" the immune system with long-lasting effects. [54] The bacteria are able to stimulate lymphoid tissue associated with the gut mucosa, which enables the tissue to produce antibodies for pathogens that may ...
[22] [23] This is done by comparing animals with a standard commensal gut microbiome to germ free, or by colonising a germ free animal with an organism of interest. The gut microbiota can vary between research facilities which can be a confounder in experiments and be a cause of lack of reproducibility. [24]
Intracellular symbionts can migrate from the bacteriocyte to the ovaries and become incorporated in germ cells. [11] In plants, vertical transmission of microbial endophytes through germline can occur matrilineally via seed. [12] There are several mechanisms by which a seed can matrilineally become infected with endophytes.
Bacteria in the human gut’s intestines are the most diverse in the human body and play a vital role in human health. In the gastrointestinal tract, dysbiosis manifests particularly during small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), commonly caused by a decrease in the passage of food and waste through the gastrointestinal tract following surgery or other pre-existing conditions. [17]
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