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This process involves two distinct pathways for processing of antigens from an organism's own (self) proteins or intracellular pathogens (e.g. viruses), or from phagocytosed pathogens (e.g. bacteria); subsequent presentation of these antigens on class I or class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules is dependent on which pathway ...
[citation needed] This pathway is called the cytosolic diversion pathway. [10] Similarly to the vacuolar pathway, antigens are taken into the cell through endocytosis. Antigen proteins are transported out of this compartment into the cytoplasm by unknown mechanisms. Within the cytoplasm, exogenous antigens are processed by the proteasome and ...
Alloimmunity (sometimes called isoimmunity) is an immune response to nonself antigens from members of the same species, which are called alloantigens or isoantigens. Two major types of alloantigens are blood group antigens [ 1 ] and histocompatibility antigens.
Transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) protein complex belongs to the ATP-binding-cassette transporter family. [1] It delivers cytosolic peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where they bind to nascent MHC class I molecules.
The pentameric structure of IgM antibodies makes them efficient at binding antigens with repetitive epitopes (e.g. bacterial capsule, viral capsid) and activation of complement cascade. As IgM antibodies are expressed early in a B cell response, they are rarely highly mutated and have broad antigen reactivity thus providing an early response to ...
Antigen presentation is a vital immune process that is essential for T cell immune response triggering. Because T cells recognize only fragmented antigens displayed on cell surfaces, antigen processing must occur before the antigen fragment can be recognized by a T-cell receptor.
The outermost portion of the LPS accessible to antibodies is the O antigen. Variation in the O antigen can be caused by genetic differences in the biosynthetic pathway or the tranporter used to move the building-blocks to the outside of the cell. [13] The flagella on motile bacteria is called the H antigen in serotyping. Minute genetic ...
Using the pathway history one can also revert to a previous revision of a pathway. Pathways can also be tagged with ontology terms from three major BioPortal ontologies (Pathway, Disease and Cell Type). The pathway content at WikiPathways is freely available for download in several data and image formats.