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  2. Exclusionary rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusionary_rule

    Private search doctrine: Evidence unlawfully obtained from the defendant by a private person is admissible. The exclusionary rule is designed to protect privacy rights, with the Fourth Amendment applying specifically to government officials.

  3. Third-party doctrine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-party_doctrine

    The third-party doctrine is a United States legal doctrine that holds that people who voluntarily give information to third parties—such as banks, phone companies, internet service providers (ISPs), and e-mail servers—have "no reasonable expectation of privacy" in that information.

  4. Reasonable expectation of privacy (United States) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonable_expectation_of...

    The reasonable expectation of privacy is crucial in distinguishing a legitimate, reasonable police search and seizure from an unreasonable one. A "search" occurs for purposes of the Fourth Amendment when the Government violates a person's "reasonable expectation of privacy". [3] In Katz v.

  5. List of private revelations approved by the Catholic Church

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_private...

    The three apparitions of Our Lady of Champion to Adele Brise were approved by Bishop David Ricken.. It remains to me now, the Twelfth Bishop of the Diocese of Green Bay and the lowliest of the servants of Mary, to declare with moral certainty and in accord with the norms of the Church that the events, apparitions and locutions given to Adele Brise in October of 1859 do exhibit the substance of ...

  6. Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the...

    The Bill of Rights in the National Archives. The Fourth Amendment (Amendment IV) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights.It prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and sets requirements for issuing warrants: warrants must be issued by a judge or magistrate, justified by probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and must particularly describe the place to be ...

  7. Privacy laws of the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_laws_of_the_United...

    These include the Fourth Amendment right to be free of unwarranted search or seizure, the First Amendment right to free assembly, and the Fourteenth Amendment due process right, recognized by the Supreme Court of the United States as protecting a general right to privacy within family, marriage, motherhood, procreation, and child rearing. [2] [3]

  8. Boyd v. United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyd_v._United_States

    Boyd v. United States, 116 U.S. 616 (1886) was a decision by the United States Supreme Court in which the Court held that "a search and seizure [was] equivalent [to] a compulsory production of a man's private papers" and that the search was "an 'unreasonable search and seizure' within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment."

  9. United States v. Miller (1976) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Miller_(1976)

    Maryland, [6] which dealt with the privacy of telephone records, established the concept of a third-party doctrine that has been used by the courts to determine to what extent Fourth Amendment protection expectation of privacy covers. This doctrine generally finds that information that a person provides voluntarily to a third-party no longer is ...