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In geology, clay-with-flints is the name given by William Whitaker in 1861 to a peculiar deposit of stiff red, brown, or yellow clay containing unworn whole flints as well as angular shattered fragments, also with a variable admixture of rounded flint, quartz, quartzite, and other pebbles. [1]
Flint fields (German: Feuersteinfelder) are large natural deposits of flint.They are found in numerous Jurassic and Cretaceous beds across the whole of Europe. [1]Such deposits may be found in Aachen-Lousberg, Kleinkems, Schernfeld, Osterberg bei Pfünz, Baiersdorf, Abensberg-Arnhofen and Lengfeld as well as the German island of Rügen.
Silt – Soil type consisting of fine grain deposits that offer good water retention but poor drainage. It is more fertile than sand. Silex – A flint- and sand-based soil type found primarily in the Loire Valley that is a formed from a mixture of clay, limestone and silica. [2] Slate – Soil type that is the most common found in the Mosel ...
Another clay associated with coal beds is a smooth, flint-like refractory clay or mudstone composed predominantly of kaolin, called "flint clay". Flint clay breaks with a pronounced conchoidal fracture and resists slaking in water. [1] Flint clay can be either detrital or authegenic in origin.
Flint, occasionally flintstone, is a sedimentary cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz, [1] [2] categorized as the variety of chert that occurs in chalk or marly limestone. Historically, flint was widely used to make stone tools and start fires. Flint occurs chiefly as nodules and masses in sedimentary rocks, such as chalks and limestones.
Depending on the environmental conditions present at the time of their formation, concretions can be created by either concentric or pervasive growth. [11] [12] In concentric growth, the concretion grows as successive layers of mineral precipitate around a central core. This process results in roughly spherical concretions that grow with time.
It was deposited during the Paleozoic Era in the seas that covered what is now Ohio. [1] Other deposits can be found in soil moved by glaciers, [1] in glacial till or as erratics. The Welling site, an Upper Mercer flint quarry, [2] is located on the eastern boundary of the town of Nellie in the Walhonding River Valley.
The rocks that formed in the Pennsylvanian and Permian were mainly terrestrial in origin, including non-marine shale, sandstone, coal, ironstone and limestone, along with some marine rocks, such as flint and marine shale. River deltas in the Pennsylvanian, were covered in thick, swampy vegetation, helping to produce coal deposits.