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Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) is a magnetic resonance imaging sequence with an inversion recovery set to null fluids. For example, it can be used in brain imaging to suppress cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) effects on the image, so as to bring out the periventricular hyperintense lesions, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques. [ 1 ]
Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) [2] is an inversion-recovery pulse sequence used to nullify the signal from fluids. For example, it can be used in brain imaging to suppress cerebrospinal fluid so as to bring out periventricular hyperintense lesions, such as multiple sclerosis plaques.
The key to Phase-contrast MRI (PC-MRI) is the use of a bipolar gradient. [4] A bipolar gradient has equal positive and negative magnitudes that are applied for the same time duration. The bipolar gradient in PC-MRI is put in a sequence after RF excitation but before data collection during the echo time of the generic MRI modality.
Axial T2 FLAIR sequence MR image of a middle-aged man with leukoaraiosis. MRI image: Leukoaraiosis in a 90-year-old patient with cerebral atrophy. Head CT showing periventricular white matter lesions. Leukoaraiosis is a particular abnormal change in appearance of white matter near the lateral ventricles. It is often seen in aged individuals ...
Fig. 2. Flow-related signal loss in the carotid and basillary arteries (T2 axial study of the brain). [1]Flow can manifest as either an altered intravascular signal (flow enhancement or flow-related signal loss), or as flow-related artifacts (ghost images or spatial misregistration).
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to generate pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes inside the body. MRI scanners use strong magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients, and radio waves to form images of the organs in the body.
The degeneration of white matter, which reflects the degeneration of myelin, can be seen in a basic MRI and used to diagnose leukodystrophies of all types. T-1 and T-2 weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images are the most often used approach. [25] Electrophysiological and other kinds of laboratory testing can also be done.
The first study of the human brain at 3.0 T was published in 1994, [13] and in 1998 at 8 T. [14] Studies of the human brain have been performed at 9.4 T (2006) [15] and up to 10.5 T (2019). [16] Paul Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield were awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning MRI.