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The use of the word proactive (or pro-active) was limited to the domain of experimental psychology in the 1930s, and used with a different meaning. [3] Oxford English Dictionary (OED) [4] credits Paul Whiteley and Gerald Blankfort, citing their 1933 paper discussing proactive inhibition as the "impairment or retardation of learning or of the remembering of what is learned by effects that ...
Entrepreneurial leadership is (as per Roebuck's definition) "organizing a group of people to achieve a common goal using proactive entrepreneurial behavior by optimising risk, innovating to take advantage of opportunities, taking personal responsibility and managing change within a dynamic environment for the benefit of [an] organisation".
PI Climate refers to formal and informal organizational practices which guide and support a proactive, self-starting, and persistent approach toward work. [12] Studies have shown that individual personal initiative is related to idea generation, entrepreneurial success , and innovation implementation behavior.
Work engagement is the "harnessing of organization member's selves to their work roles: in engagement, people employ and express themselves physically, cognitively, emotionally and mentally during role performances". [1]: 694 Three aspects of work motivation are cognitive, emotional and physical engagement. [2]
Examples of items in Podsakoff et al.'s (1990) scale include: Obeys company rules and regulations even when no one is watching. Attends meetings that are not mandatory, but are considered important. Mindful of how his/her behavior affects other people's jobs. Willingly helps others who have work related problems.
The hypothesis describes Type A individuals as outgoing, ambitious, rigidly organized, highly status-conscious, impatient, anxious, proactive, and concerned with time management. People with Type A personalities are often high-achieving workaholics. They push themselves with deadlines, and hate both delays and ambivalence. [9]
Increasing engagement is a primary objective of organizations seeking to understand and measure engagement. Gallup defines employee engagement as being highly involved in and enthusiastic about one's work and workplace; engaged workers are psychological owners, drive high performance and innovation, and move the organization forward.
Transactional leaders use an exchange model, with rewards being given for good work or positive outcomes. Conversely, people with this leadership style also can punish poor work or negative outcomes, until the problem is corrected. [9] One way that transactional leadership focuses on lower level needs is by stressing specific task performance. [10]