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2. Oswestry Disability Index - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswestry_Disability_Index

   The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) is an index derived from the Oswestry Low Back Pain Questionnaire used by clinicians and researchers to quantify disability for low back pain and quality of life. This validated questionnaire was first published by Jeremy Fairbank et al. in Physiotherapy in 1980. [1] The current version was published in the ...

3. FLACC scale - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLACC_scale

   FLACC scale. The FLACC scale or Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scale is a measurement used to assess pain for children between the ages of 2 months and 7 years or individuals that are unable to communicate their pain. The scale is scored in a range of 0–10 with 0 representing no pain. The scale has five criteria, which are each ...

4. Waddell's signs - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waddell's_signs

   low back pain. Waddell's signs are a group of physical signs, first described in a 1980 article in Spine, and named for the article's principal author, Professor Gordon Waddell (1943–2017), a Scottish Orthopedic Surgeon. [ 1 ][ 2 ] Waddell's signs may indicate non-organic or psychological component to chronic low back pain.

5. Craniocervical instability - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craniocervical_instability

   Craniocervical instability (CCI) is a medical condition characterized by excessive movement of the vertebra at the atlanto-occipital joint and the atlanto-axial joint located between the skull and the top two vertebra, known as C1 and C2. [citation needed] The condition can cause neural injury and compression of nearby structures, including the ...

6. Spasmodic torticollis - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spasmodic_torticollis

   Spasmodic torticollis is an extremely painful chronic neurological movement disorder causing the neck to involuntarily turn to the left, right, upwards, and/or downwards. The condition is also referred to as "cervical dystonia ". Both agonist and antagonist muscles contract simultaneously during dystonic movement. [1]

7. Expanded Disability Status Scale - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_Disability_Status...

   The Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) is a method of quantifying disability in multiple sclerosis. [1][2] The scale has been developed by John F. Kurtzke. [1] The EDSS is based on a neurological examination by a clinician. However, a number of versions have been developed which enable patient self-administration.

8. Thomas Schuler - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Schuler

   Thomas Schuler, M.D., F.A.C.S is an American spinal surgeon, researcher and educator in the treatment of neck and low back conditions. He was an early adopter of stem cell therapy, [1] biologics, [2] robotics, laser and hybrid surgery and augmented reality for spinal surgery. [3] Schuler specializes in cervical and lumbar disc replacement ...

9. Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Parkinson's_disease...

   The scales are: Part I: Nonmotor experiences of daily living: 13 items. Score range: 0–52, [8] 10 and below is mild, 22 and above is severe. [9] Part II: Motor experiences of daily living: 13 items. Score range: 0–52, [8] 12 and below is mild, 30 and above is severe. [9] Part III: Motor examination: 18 items.