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  2. Substitution reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_reaction

    When chlorine gas (Cl 2) is irradiated, some of the molecules are split into two chlorine radicals (Cl•), whose free electrons are strongly nucleophilic. One of them breaks a C–H covalent bond in CH 4 and grabs the hydrogen atom to form the electrically neutral HCl.

  3. Carbon tetrachloride - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride

    In the carbon tetrachloride molecule, four chlorine atoms are positioned symmetrically as corners in a tetrahedral configuration joined to a central carbon atom by single covalent bonds. Because of this symmetric geometry, CCl 4 is non-polar. Methane gas has the same structure, making carbon tetrachloride a halomethane.

  4. Covalent bond - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond

    In organic chemistry, covalent bonding is much more common than ionic bonding. Covalent bonding also includes many kinds of interactions, including σ-bonding, π-bonding, metal-to-metal bonding, agostic interactions, bent bonds, three-center two-electron bonds and three-center four-electron bonds. [2] [3] The term covalent bond dates from 1939 ...

  5. Ethylene - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene

    Ethylene (IUPAC name: ethene) is a hydrocarbon which has the formula C 2 H 4 or H 2 C=CH 2.It is a colourless, flammable gas with a faint "sweet and musky" odour when pure. [7] It is the simplest alkene (a hydrocarbon with carbon–carbon double bonds).

  6. Bonding in solids - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonding_in_solids

    As noted above, covalent and ionic bonds form a continuum between shared and transferred electrons; covalent and weak bonds form a continuum between shared and unshared electrons. In addition, molecules can be polar, or have polar groups, and the resulting regions of positive and negative charge can interact to produce electrostatic bonding ...

  7. Pi bond - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_bond

    Ethylene (ethene), a small organic molecule containing a pi bond, shown in green.. In chemistry, pi bondsbonds) are covalent chemical bonds, in each of which two lobes of an orbital on one atom overlap with two lobes of an orbital on another atom, and in which this overlap occurs laterally.

  8. Ethane - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethane

    The chief use of ethane is the production of ethylene (ethene) by steam cracking. Steam cracking of ethane is fairly selective for ethylene, while the steam cracking of heavier hydrocarbons yields a product mixture poorer in ethylene and richer in heavier alkenes (olefins), such as propene (propylene) and butadiene, and in aromatic hydrocarbons.

  9. Carbon–carbon bond - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon–carbon_bond

    A carbon–carbon bond is a covalent bond between two carbon atoms. [1] The most common form is the single bond : a bond composed of two electrons , one from each of the two atoms. The carbon–carbon single bond is a sigma bond and is formed between one hybridized orbital from each of the carbon atoms.