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An anterior cruciate ligament injury occurs when the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is either stretched, partially torn, or completely torn. [1] The most common injury is a complete tear. [1] Symptoms include pain, an audible cracking sound during injury, instability of the knee, and joint swelling. [1]
ACL injuries can be categorized into groups- contact and non-contact based on the nature of the injury [6] Contact injuries occur when a person or object come into contact with the knee causing the ligament to tear. However, non-contact tears typically occur during the following movements: decelerating, cutting, or landing from a jump.
Most PLC injuries accompany an ACL or PCL tear, and can contribute to ACL or PCL reconstruction graft failure if not recognized and treated. [47] [48] A study by LaPrade et al. in 2007 showed the incidence of posterolateral knee injuries in patients presenting with acute knee injuries and hemarthrosis (blood in the knee joint) was 9.1%.
Most ACL tears are a result of a non-contact mechanism such as a sudden change in a direction causing the knee to rotate inward. As the knee rotates inward, additional strain is placed on the ACL, since the femur and tibia, which are the two bones that articulate together forming the knee joint, move in opposite directions, causing the ACL to tear.
A soft tissue injury is the damage of muscles, ligaments and tendons throughout the body. Common soft tissue injuries usually occur from a sprain, strain, a one-off blow resulting in a contusion or overuse of a particular part of the body. Soft tissue injuries can result in pain, swelling, bruising and loss of function. [1]
The unhappy triad, also known as a blown knee among other names, is an injury to the anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, and meniscus.Analysis during the 1990s indicated that this 'classic' O'Donoghue triad is actually an unusual clinical entity among athletes with knee injuries.
A patella fracture is a break of the kneecap. [1] Symptoms include pain, swelling, and bruising to the front of the knee. [1] A person may also be unable to walk. [1] Complications may include injury to the tibia, femur, or knee ligaments. [2] It typically results from a hard blow to the front of the knee or falling on the knee. [1]
Acromioplasty is an arthroscopic surgical procedure involving the acromion, a bony process of the shoulder blade.. Generally, it implies removal of a small piece of the surface of the acromion that is in contact with a tendon of the rotator cuff causing, by friction, damage to the tendon.