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An example of these amphiphilic molecules is the lipids that comprise the cell membrane. Another example is soap, which has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail, allowing it to dissolve in both water and oil. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules are also known as polar molecules and nonpolar molecules, respectively. Some hydrophilic ...
The extracellular fluid is constantly "stirred" by the circulatory system, which ensures that the watery environment which bathes the body's cells is virtually identical throughout the body. This means that nutrients can be secreted into the ECF in one place (e.g. the gut, liver, or fat cells) and will, within about a minute, be evenly ...
In lean healthy adult men, the total body water is about 60% (60–67%) of the total body weight; it is usually slightly lower in women (52–55%). [2] [3] The exact percentage of fluid relative to body weight is inversely proportional to the percentage of body fat. A lean 70 kg (150 lb) man, for example, has about 42 (42–47) liters of water ...
The hydrophilic end usually contains a negatively charged phosphate group, and the hydrophobic end usually consists of two "tails" that are long fatty acid residues. [ 4 ] In aqueous solutions, phospholipids are driven by hydrophobic interactions , which result in the fatty acid tails aggregating to minimize interactions with the water molecules.
Examples of these include cytidine (C), uridine (U), adenosine (A), guanosine (G), and thymidine (T). Nucleosides can be phosphorylated by specific kinases in the cell, producing nucleotides . Both DNA and RNA are polymers , consisting of long, linear molecules assembled by polymerase enzymes from repeating structural units, or monomers, of ...
The hydrophilic group falls into one of the following categories: [citation needed] charged groups anionic. Examples, with the lipophilic part of the molecule represented by R, are: carboxylates: RCO 2 −; sulfates: RSO 4 −; sulfonates: RSO 3 −; phosphates (the charged functional group in phospholipids) cationic. Examples: ammoniums: RNH 3 ...
For example, the aquaporin 3 channel has a pore width of 8–10 Ångströms and allows the passage of hydrophilic molecules ranging between 150 and 200 Da. However, the water pores completely block ions including protons , essential to conserve the membrane's electrochemical potential difference.
The phosphate ester portion ("head") is hydrophilic, whereas the remainder of the molecule, the fatty acid "tail", is hydrophobic. These are important components for the formation of lipid bilayers. Phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylcholines, and other phospholipids are examples of phosphatidates. Phosphatidylcholines