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Differences in drainage, variations in soil type (pine trees on sandy soil, deciduous trees on loamy soil, etc.) and salinity, the effects of blowing wind (which drives snow off the hills into depressions, affecting soil quality), and the historic activities of humans all combine to create the mosaic character of the region.
[1] [3] Many migratory birds and butterflies spend winter in tropical and subtropical conifer forests. This biome features a thick, closed canopy which blocks light to the floor and allows little underbrush. As a result, the ground is often covered with fungi and ferns. Shrubs and small trees compose a diverse understory. [1]
The herb layer is very rich and, in undisturbed areas, the trees can grow very large. Typical trees include sugar maple ( Acer saccharum ), beech ( Fagus grandifolia ), tuliptree ( Liriodendron tulipifera ), basswood ( Tilia americana ), northern red oak ( Quercus rubra ), cucumber tree ( Magnolia acuminata ), and black walnut ( Juglans nigra ).
The leaves are usually 9 to 11 cm (3 + 1 ⁄ 2 to 4 + 1 ⁄ 4 in) long on a full-grown tree. The trunk diameter often ranges from 46 to 88 cm (18 to 35 in); depending on the growing conditions, however, open-grown trees can attain diameters of up to 153 cm (60 in).
Plains Cottonwood (Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera) North American Plains. "Almost six inches (15 centimeters) thick" [154] Nolina longifolia: Mexico One plant at the Huntington Library, Galleries and Botanical Gardens, San Marino, California in 1996 had bark with fissures up to 4 + 3 ⁄ 4 in (120 mm) deep. This is the thickest bark among ...
In the eastern mountains around 1000 meters elevation, mixed stands of P. nigra, Quercus cerris, Q. pubescens, and Q. robur subsp. robur also include many typical Anatolian steppe plants, like Pyrus elaeagrifolia, Prunus spinosa, Crateagus spp., and shrubs and herbaceous plants. [2] Oaks occur in pine forests, and as the dominant tree in some ...
Chaparral in the Santa Ynez Mountains, near Santa Barbara, California. Chaparral (/ ˌ ʃ æ p ə ˈ r æ l, ˌ tʃ æ p-/ SHAP-ə-RAL, CHAP-) [1] is a shrubland plant community found primarily in California, in southern Oregon and in the northern portion of the Baja California Peninsula in Mexico.
Trees in the genus are often large and slow-growing; Q. alba can reach an age of 600 years, a diameter of 13 feet (4.0 m) and a height of 145 feet (44 m). [8] The Granit oak in Bulgaria, a Q. robur specimen, has an estimated age of 1,637 years, making it the oldest oak in Europe. [9]