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GOST has a 64-bit block size and a key length of 256 bits. Its S-boxes can be secret, and they contain about 354 (log 2 (16! 8)) bits of secret information, so the effective key size can be increased to 610 bits; however, a chosen-key attack can recover the contents of the S-boxes in approximately 2 32 encryptions.
In Excel and Word 95 and prior editions a weak protection algorithm is used that converts a password to a 16-bit verifier and a 16-byte XOR obfuscation array [1] key. [4] Hacking software is now readily available to find a 16-byte key and decrypt the password-protected document. [5] Office 97, 2000, XP and 2003 use RC4 with 40 bits. [4]
WAKE is noted for its speed, making it suitable for applications requiring fast encryption. However, it has been found to be vulnerable to both chosen plaintext and chosen ciphertext attacks. These vulnerabilities arise from the cipher's reliance on previous ciphertext blocks for keystream generation, which can be exploited in certain attack ...
A word search, word find, word seek, word sleuth or mystery word puzzle is a word game that consists of the letters of words placed in a grid, which usually has a rectangular or square shape. The objective of this puzzle is to find and mark all the words hidden inside the box.
The Yandex search takes into account the morphology of the Russian language, therefore, regardless of the form of the word in the search query, the search will be performed for all word forms. If morphological analysis is undesirable, you can put an exclamation mark (!) Before the word — the search in this case will show only the specific ...
Between Silk and Cyanide by Leo Marks, HarperCollins (1998), ISBN 0-00-255944-7.Marks was the Head of Codes at SOE and this book is an account of his struggle to introduce better encryption for use by field agents. it contains more than 20 previously unpublished code poems by Marks, as well as descriptions of how they were used and by whom.
However, due to the incomplete nature of the round function, two large ciphertexts of 53 or more 32-bit words identical in all but 12 words can be found by a simple brute-force collision search requiring 2 96−N memory, 2 N time and 2 N +2 96−N chosen plaintexts, in other words with a total time*memory complexity of 2 96, which is actually 2 ...
All algorithms support authenticated encryption with plaintext P and additional authenticated data A (that remains unencrypted). The encryption input also includes a public nonce N, the output - authentication tag T, size of the ciphertext C is the same as that of P. The decryption uses N, A, C, and T as inputs and produces either P or signals ...