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According to Gethin, the four truths and the eightfold path are only two lists of "literally hundreds of similar lists covering the whole range of the theory and practice of ancient Buddhism." [120] The position of the four truths within the canon raises questions, and has been investigated throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. [121]
The Tibetan tradition emphasizes the study of the sixteen characteristics of the Four Noble Truths, as described in the Abhisamayalamkara.The Mahayana text Ornament of Clear Realization (Abhisamayalamkara) identifies four characteristics of each truth, for a total of sixteen characteristics, which are presented as a guide to contemplating and practicing the four noble truths. [1]
In the context of the Four Noble Truths, contemporary scholars explain the meaning of ārya as follows: Paul Williams states: "The Aryas are the noble ones, the saints, those who have attained 'the fruits of the path', 'that middle path the Tathagata has comprehended which promotes sight and knowledge, and which tends to peace, higher wisdom ...
Anderson, following Norman, also thinks that the four truths originally were not part of this sutta, and were later added in some versions. [31] [note 9] According to Bronkhorst, the "twelve insights" are probably also a later addition, born out of unease with the substitution of the general term "prajna" for the more specific "four truths". [33]
The Buddha teaching the Four Noble Truths. Sanskrit manuscript. Nalanda, Bihar, India. The Four Noble Truths, or the truths of the Noble Ones, [71] express the basic orientation of Buddhism: we crave and cling to impermanent states and things, which is dukkha, "incapable of satisfying" and painful.
The Four Noble Truths or "Truths of the Noble One" are a central feature to the teachings of the historical Buddha and are put forth in the Dharmacakrapravartana Sūtra. The first truth of duḥkha , often translated as "suffering", is the inherent and eternal unsatisfactoriness of life.
Supramundane (world-transcending) right view, the understanding of the Four Noble Truths, leading to awakening and liberation from rebirths and associated dukkha in the realms of samsara. [ 57 ] [ 59 ] [ 37 ] According to Bhikkhu Bodhi, this kind of right view comes at the end of the path, not at the beginning.
The Four Noble Truths express the central problem motivating Buddhist ethics—the need for liberation from suffering. According to the first Noble Truth, worldly existence is fraught with suffering (dukkha). Dukkha is seen to arise from craving, and putting an end to craving can lead to liberation . Cravings may be foregone by following the ...