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Clonidine may improve symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in some people but causes many adverse effects and the beneficial effect is modest. [22] In Australia, clonidine is an accepted but not approved use for ADHD by the TGA. [23] Clonidine, along with methylphenidate, has been studied for treatment of ADHD.
Since even low levels of ionizing radiation are highly mutagenic and can cause cancer, [16] less toxic iodine isotopes such as iodine-123 [17] are more commonly used in nuclear imaging, while iodine-131 is used for its cytolytic (cell-destroying) effects in hyperthyroidism and thyroid tumors.
Side effects of thyroid replacement therapy are associated with "inadequate or excessive doses." [22] Symptoms to watch for include, but are not limited to, anxiety, tremor, weight loss, heat sensitivity, diarrhea, and shortness of breath. More worrisome symptoms include atrial fibrillation and bone density loss. [22]
Adverse events are generally caused by incorrect dosing. Long-term suppression of TSH values below normal values frequently cause cardiac side effects and contribute to decreases in bone mineral density (low TSH levels are also well known to contribute to osteoporosis). [26] Too high a dose of levothyroxine causes hyperthyroidism.
Medications are used to reverse the symptoms of extrapyramidal side effects caused by antipsychotics or other drugs, by either directly or indirectly increasing dopaminergic neurotransmission. The treatment varies by the type of the EPS, but may involve anticholinergic agents such as procyclidine , benztropine , diphenhydramine , and ...
Many tricyclic antidepressants, tetracyclic antidepressants, antipsychotics, ergolines, and some piperazines like buspirone, trazodone, nefazodone, etoperidone, and mepiprazole antagonize α 1-adrenergic receptors as well, which contributes to their side effects such as orthostatic hypotension.
While the adverse side-effects with clonidine are inconvenient, the most dangerous aspect of clonidine is withdrawal rebound hypertension — that is, when the medicine is abruptly discontinued, blood pressure may rapidly return or surpass the original value.
An equianalgesic chart is a conversion chart that lists equivalent doses of analgesics (drugs used to relieve pain). Equianalgesic charts are used for calculation of an equivalent dose (a dose which would offer an equal amount of analgesia) between different analgesics. [1]