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The Qumran community, which produced the Dead Sea Scrolls, also had a group of twelve leaders, perhaps for similar reasons. [4] In the culture of the time, a group of twelve indicated a complete set, and readers would thus consider a number slightly below or above twelve to be odd. [6] Jesus gives the disciples powers to heal.
When morning came, he called his disciples to him and chose twelve of them, whom he also designated apostles: Simon (whom he named Peter), his brother Andrew, James, John, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James son of Alphaeus, Simon who was called the Zealot, Judas son of James, and Judas Iscariot, who became a traitor.
This has led to debate as to whom the target audience of Jesus' original, pre-resurrection ministry was. [4] Matthew names the twelve apostles, or "twelve disciples", in verses 2 to 4, and gives them careful instruction as they travel around Israel. The remainder of the chapter consists almost entirely of sayings attributed to Jesus.
The commissioning of the Twelve Apostles is an episode in the ministry of Jesus that appears in all three Synoptic Gospels: Matthew 10:1–4, Mark 3:13–19 and Luke 6:12–16. It relates the initial selection of the Twelve Apostles among the disciples of Jesus .
The calling of the disciples is a key episode in the life of Jesus in the New Testament. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It appears in Matthew 4 :18–22, Mark 1 :16-20 and Luke 5 :1–11 on the Sea of Galilee . John 1 :35–51 reports the first encounter with two of the disciples a little earlier in the presence of John the Baptist .
James is described as one of the first disciples to join Jesus. The Synoptic Gospels state that James and John were preparing to fish with their father by the seashore when Jesus called them to follow him. [3] James, along with his brother John, and Peter, formed an informal triumvirate among the Twelve Apostles.
He is also listed among the Twelve Disciples, but without identification of his background, in Mark 3:18, Luke 6:15 and Acts 1:13. [8] In passages parallel to Matthew 9:9, both Mark 2:14 [9] and Luke 5:27 [10] describe Jesus's calling of the tax collector Levi, the son of Alphaeus. However, they do not explicitly associate it with the name Matthew.
For this reason the Eastern Orthodox Church honours him with the name Protokletos, which means "the first called". [12] Thenceforth, the two brothers were disciples of Christ. On a subsequent occasion, prior to the final call to the apostolate, they were called to a closer companionship, and then they left all things to follow Jesus. [8]
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