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  2. Volcanic gas - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_gas

    The Multi-Component Gas Analyzer System (Multi-GAS) is also used to remotely measure CO 2, SO 2 and H 2 S. [17] The fluxes of other gases are usually estimated by measuring the ratios of different gases within the volcanic plume, e.g. by FTIR, electrochemical sensors at the volcano crater rim, or direct sampling, and multiplying the ratio of ...

  3. Fumarole - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarole

    Sampling gases at a fumarole on Mount Baker in Washington, United States Fumaroles at Vulcano, Sicily, Italy. A fumarole (or fumerole; from French fumerolle, a domed structure with lateral openings, built over a kitchen to permit the escape of smoke [2]) is an opening in a planet's crust which emits steam and gases, but no liquid or solid material. [3]

  4. Volcanism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism

    Gas-poor magmas end up cooling into rocks with small cavities, becoming vesicular lava. Gas-rich magmas cool to form rocks with cavities that nearly touch, with an average density less than that of water, forming pumice. Meanwhile, other material can be accelerated with the gas, becoming volcanic bombs. These can travel with so much energy that ...

  5. Pyroclastic flow - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow

    Pyroclastic flows sweep down the flanks of Mayon Volcano, Philippines, in 2018. A pyroclastic flow (also known as a pyroclastic density current or a pyroclastic cloud) [1] is a fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter (collectively known as tephra) that flows along the ground away from a volcano at average speeds of 100 km/h (30 m/s; 60 mph) but is capable of reaching speeds up to ...

  6. Tuff - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuff

    The shapes were formed about bubbles of expanding, water-rich gas. Tephra is made when magma inside the volcano is blown apart by the rapid expansion of hot volcanic gases. Magma commonly explodes as the gas dissolved in it comes out of solution as the pressure decreases when it flows to the surface. These violent explosions produce particles ...

  7. Volcanic ash - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_ash

    The principal gases released during volcanic activity are water, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride. [12] The sulfur and halogen gases and metals are removed from the atmosphere by processes of chemical reaction, dry and wet deposition, and by adsorption onto the surface of volcanic ...

  8. Mexico volcano ‘belching’ gas and ash visible from space

    www.aol.com/news/mexico-volcano-belching-gas-ash...

    Satellite footage shows the Popocatepetl volcano “belching” gases and ash as it was placed under a yellow alert on Friday, 17 November. The alert continued into Monday, with the National ...

  9. Siberian Traps - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Traps

    It has been suggested that, as the Earth's lithospheric plates moved over the mantle plume (the Iceland plume), the plume had earlier produced the Viluy Traps to the east, then the Siberian Traps in the Permian and Triassic periods, and later going on to produce volcanic activity on the floor of the Arctic Ocean in the Jurassic and Cretaceous ...

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