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  2. Unequal treaties - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unequal_treaties

    The unequal treaties were a series of agreements made between Asian countries – most notably Qing China, Tokugawa Japan and Joseon Korea – and Western countries – most notably the United Kingdom, France, Germany, the United States and Russia – during the 19th and early 20th centuries. [1] They were often signed following a military ...

  3. Century of humiliation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_of_humiliation

    Puck Aug 23, 1899, by J. S. Pughe. A political cartoon depicting Victoria (United Kingdom), Wilhelm II (Germany), Nicholas II (Russia), Marianne (France), and Meiji (Japan) dividing Qing China like carving up a pie. The century of humiliation was a period in Chinese history beginning with the First Opium War (1839–1842), and ending in 1945 ...

  4. Treaty of Nanking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking

    History of China / of the United Kingdom. Hong Kong portal. v. t. e. The Treaty of Nanking was the peace treaty which ended the First Opium War (1839–1842) between Great Britain and the Qing dynasty of China on 29 August 1842. It was the first of what the Chinese later termed the "unequal treaties". In the wake of China's military defeat ...

  5. Foreign concessions in China - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_concessions_in_China

    Foreign concessions in China were a group of concessions that existed during late Imperial China and the Republic of China, which were governed and occupied by foreign powers, and are frequently associated with colonialism and imperialism. The concessions had extraterritoriality and were enclaves inside key cities that became treaty ports.

  6. History of foreign relations of China - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_foreign...

    Diplomatic Recognition: China struggled for several decades to gain recognition from the international community. In 1971, the United Nations finally recognized the PRC and expelled the Republic of China (Taiwan). Since then, China has established diplomatic relations with almost all countries in the world.

  7. Opium Wars - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_Wars

    The war was concluded by the Treaty of Nanking (Nanjing) in 1842, the first of the Unequal treaties between China and Western powers. [18] The treaty ceded the Hong Kong Island and surrounding smaller islands to Britain, and established five cities as treaty ports open to Western traders: Shanghai, Canton, Ningbo, Fuzhou, and Xiamen (Amoy). [19]

  8. Iwakura Mission - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwakura_Mission

    The aim of the mission was threefold; to gain recognition [1] for the newly reinstated imperial dynasty under the Emperor Meiji; to begin preliminary renegotiation of the unequal treaties with the dominant world powers; and to make a comprehensive study of modern industrial, political, military and educational systems and structures in the ...

  9. Beiyang government - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiyang_government

    The Beiyang government[ note 2 ] was the internationally recognized government of the Republic of China between 1912 and 1928, based in Beijing. It was dominated by the generals of the Beiyang Army, giving it its name. Beiyang general Yuan Shikai gave Sun Yat-sen the military support he needed to overthrow the Qing dynasty and establish the ...