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e. Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. [ 1 ][ 2 ] Its subject matter includes the behavior of humans and nonhumans, both conscious and unconscious phenomena, and mental processes such as thoughts, feelings, and motives. Psychology is an academic discipline of immense scope, crossing the boundaries between the natural and ...
Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of mental processes such as attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and reasoning. [1] Cognitive psychology originated in the 1960s in a break from behaviorism , which held from the 1920s to 1950s that unobservable mental processes were outside the realm of empirical ...
Social psychology is the scientific study of how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others. [1] Social psychologists typically explain human behavior as a result of the relationship between mental states and social situations, studying the social conditions under which thoughts, feelings, and behaviors occur, and how these variables ...
John Dewey, H. H. Donaldson, Jacques Loeb. John Broadus Watson (January 9, 1878 – September 25, 1958) was an American psychologist who popularized the scientific theory of behaviorism, establishing it as a psychological school. [ 2 ] Watson advanced this change in the psychological discipline through his 1913 address at Columbia University ...
Skinner developed behavior analysis, especially the philosophy of radical behaviorism, [8] and founded the experimental analysis of behavior, a school of experimental research psychology. He also used operant conditioning to strengthen behavior, considering the rate of response to be the most effective measure of response strength.
Humanistic psychology. Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective that arose in the mid-20th century in answer to two theories: Sigmund Freud 's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner 's behaviorism. [ 1 ] Thus, Abraham Maslow established the need for a "third force" in psychology. [ 2 ] The school of thought of humanistic psychology ...
Behaviorism is a systematic approach to understand the behavior of humans and other animals. [1] [2] It assumes that behavior is either a reflex elicited by the pairing of certain antecedent stimuli in the environment, or a consequence of that individual's history, including especially reinforcement and punishment contingencies, together with the individual's current motivational state and ...
Psychological research. For the academic journal, see Psychological Research. Psychological research refers to research that psychologists conduct for systematic study and for analysis of the experiences and behaviors of individuals or groups. Their research can have educational, occupational and clinical applications.