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Glossary of mathematical symbols. A mathematical symbol is a figure or a combination of figures that is used to represent a mathematical object, an action on mathematical objects, a relation between mathematical objects, or for structuring the other symbols that occur in a formula. As formulas are entirely constituted with symbols of various ...
projection. A projection is, roughly, a map from some space or object to another that omits some information on the object or space. For example, R 2 → R , ( x , y ) ↦ x {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^ {2}\to \mathbb {R} , (x,y)\mapsto x} is a projection and its restriction to a graph of a function, say, is also a projection.
a.e. – almost everywhere. AFSOC - Assume for the sake of contradiction. Ai – Airy function. AL – Action limit. Alt – alternating group (Alt (n) is also written as A n.) A.M. – arithmetic mean. AP – arithmetic progression. arccos – inverse cosine function. arccosec – inverse cosecant function.
Mathematical notation is widely used in mathematics, science, and engineering for representing complex concepts and properties in a concise, unambiguous, and accurate way. For example, the physicist Albert Einstein 's formula is the quantitative representation in mathematical notation of mass–energy equivalence. [ 1 ]
middle dot (for multiplication) 1698 (perhaps deriving from a much earlier use of middle dot to separate juxtaposed numbers) ⁄. division slash (a.k.a. solidus) 1718 (deriving from horizontal fraction bar, invented by Abu Bakr al-Hassar in the 12th century) Thomas Twining. ≠.
The encyclopedia is edited by Michiel Hazewinkel and was published by Kluwer Academic Publishers until 2003, when Kluwer became part of Springer. The CD-ROM contains animations and three-dimensional objects. The encyclopedia has been translated from the Soviet Matematicheskaya entsiklopediya (1977) originally edited by Ivan Matveevich ...
Language of mathematics. The language of mathematics or mathematical language is an extension of the natural language (for example English) that is used in mathematics and in science for expressing results (scientific laws, theorems, proofs, logical deductions, etc.) with concision, precision and unambiguity.
calculus. (From Latin calculus, literally 'small pebble', used for counting and calculations, as on an abacus) [8] is the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations.