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2. Packaged metering manhole - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packaged_Metering_Manhole

   Larger primary devices (and transitions) that do not readily fit into a standard 4 ft (1.2 m) precast manhole barrel, either a larger barrel or a concrete vault must be used which adds cost. Packaged metering manholes, on the other hand, can integrate primary devices that are larger than the manhole barrel – with any portion that doesn't fit ...

3. Cutthroat flume - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutthroat_flume

   As the free-flow coefficient (K) and the free-flow exponent (n) depend only upon flume length, intermediate sizes Cutthroat flumes can be developed without the need for laboratory verification. The flat-bottomed design means that the flume can be retrofitted into existing channels without the need to raise the flume or adjust the downstream ...

4. Parshall flume - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parshall_flume

   Only the upstream depth needs to be measured to calculate the flow rate. A free flow also induces a hydraulic jump downstream of the flume. Submerged flow occurs when the water surface downstream of the flume is high enough to restrict flow through a flume, submerged flume conditions exist. A backwater buildup effect occurs in a submerged flume.

5. Hydraulic jumps in rectangular channels - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_Jumps_in...

   (Figure 8) The value of y 2 /y 1 is a ratio of depths that represent a dimensionless jump height; for example, if y 2 /y 1 = 2, then the jump doubles the depth of flow. As the upstream Froude Number increases (moves toward more supercritical flow), the ratio of the downstream depth to the upstream depth also increases, and the graph verifies ...

6. Standard step method - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Step_Method

   The HEC-RAS model calculated that the water backs up to a height of 9.21 meters at the upstream side of the sluice gate, which is the same as the manually calculated value. Normal depth was achieved at approximately 1,700 meters upstream of the gate. HEC-RAS modeled the hydraulic jump to occur 18 meters downstream of the sluice gate.

7. Palmer-Bowlus Flume - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer-Bowlus_Flume

   Only the single depth (primary point of measurement - Ha) needs to be measured to calculate the flow rate. A free flow also induces a hydraulic jump downstream of the flume. Submerged Flow – when the water surface downstream of the flume is high enough to restrict flow through a flume, the flume is deemed to be submerged.