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Altered Pasts : Counterfactuals in History. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press. ISBN 978-1611685381. Ferguson, Niall (1997). Virtual History : Alternatives and Counterfactuals. London: Picador. ISBN 978-0-330-35132-4. Hawthorn, Geoffrey (1991). Plausible Worlds : Possibility and Understanding in History and the Social Sciences.
Upward counterfactuals have a greater preparative function and focus on future improvement, while downward counterfactuals are used as a coping mechanism in an affective function. Furthermore, additive counterfactuals have shown greater potential to induce behavioral intentions of improving performance. [16]
Counterfactuals are characterized grammatically by their use of fake tense morphology, which some languages use in combination with other kinds of morphology including aspect and mood. Counterfactuals are one of the most studied phenomena in philosophical logic, formal semantics, and philosophy of language.
Richmond Campbell has outlined these kinds of issues in his encyclopedia article "Moral Epistemology". [53] In particular, he considers three alternative explanations of moral facts as: theological, (supernatural, the commands of God); non-natural (based on intuitions); or simply natural properties (such as leading to pleasure or to happiness).
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What If?, subtitled The World's Foremost Military Historians Imagine What Might Have Been, also known as What If?The World's Foremost Historians Imagine What Might Have Been, is an anthology of twenty essays and fourteen sidebars dealing with counterfactual history.
The ancient Greek δείκνυμι, deiknymi, 'thought experiment', "was the most ancient pattern of mathematical proof", and existed before Euclidean mathematics, [7] where the emphasis was on the conceptual, rather than on the experimental part of a thought experiment.
The subject of counterfactual definiteness receives attention in the study of quantum mechanics because it is argued that, when challenged by the findings of quantum mechanics, classical physics must give up its claim to one of three assumptions: locality (no "spooky action at a distance"), no-conspiracy (called also "asymmetry of time"), [4] [5] or counterfactual definiteness (or "non ...