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  2. Thermodynamic databases for pure substances - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_databases...

    If a substance can exist but is not thermodynamically stable (for example, a supercooled liquid), it is called a metastable state. A non - physical standard state is one whose properties are obtained by extrapolation from a physical state (for example, a solid superheated above the normal melting point, or an ideal gas at a condition where the ...

  3. List of thermodynamic properties - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_thermodynamic...

    On the other hand, some constants, such as K f (the freezing point depression constant, or cryoscopic constant), depend on the identity of a substance, and so may be considered to describe the state of a system, and therefore may be considered physical properties. "Specific" properties are expressed on a per mass basis.

  4. Chemical substance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_substance

    Steam and liquid water are two different forms of the same pure chemical substance, water. A chemical substance is a unique form of matter with constant chemical composition and characteristic properties. [1] [2] Chemical substances may take the form of a single element or chemical compounds.

  5. Properties of water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_water

    It is the most abundant substance on the surface of Earth [23] and the only common substance to exist as a solid, liquid, and gas on Earth's surface. [24] It is also the third most abundant molecule in the universe (behind molecular hydrogen and carbon monoxide). [23] Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other and are strongly polar.

  6. Standard state - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_state

    The standard state of a material (pure substance, mixture or solution) is a reference point used to calculate its properties under different conditions.A degree sign (°) or a superscript Plimsoll symbol (⦵) is used to designate a thermodynamic quantity in the standard state, such as change in enthalpy (ΔH°), change in entropy (ΔS°), or change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG°).

  7. Chemical compound - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound

    Pure chemical elements are generally ... A molecule is the smallest unit of a substance that still carries all the physical and chemical properties of that substance.

  8. Material properties (thermodynamics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_properties...

    The three "standard" properties are in fact the three possible second derivatives of the Gibbs free energy with respect to temperature and pressure. Moreover, considering derivatives such as ∂ 3 G ∂ P ∂ T 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{3}G}{\partial P\partial T^{2}}}} and the related Schwartz relations, shows that the properties ...

  9. Chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry

    A compound is a pure chemical substance composed of more than one element. The properties of a compound bear little similarity to those of its elements. [22] The standard nomenclature of compounds is set by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Organic compounds are named according to the organic nomenclature system. [23]