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  2. Byzantine flags and insignia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_flags_and_insignia

    Byzantine flags and insignia. For most of its history, the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire did not use heraldry in the Western European sense of permanent motifs transmitted through hereditary right. [1] Various large aristocratic families employed certain symbols to identify themselves; [1] the use of the cross, and of icons of Christ, the ...

  3. Imperial Library of Constantinople - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Library_of...

    The Imperial Library of Constantinople, in the capital city of the Byzantine Empire, was the last of the great libraries of the ancient world. Long after the destruction of the Great Library of Alexandria and the other ancient libraries, it preserved the knowledge of the ancient Greeks and Romans for almost 1,000 years. [ 1]

  4. Byzantium - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantium

    The origins of Byzantium are shrouded in legend. Tradition says that Byzas of Megara (a city-state near Athens) founded the city when he sailed northeast across the Aegean Sea. The date is usually given as 667 BC on the authority of Herodotus, who states the city was founded 17 years after Chalcedon. Eusebius, who wrote almost 800 years later ...

  5. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium

    The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium ( ODB) is a three-volume historical dictionary published by the English Oxford University Press. With more than 5,000 entries, it contains comprehensive information in English on topics relating to the Byzantine Empire. It was edited by Alexander Kazhdan, and was first published in 1991. [1]

  6. History of the Byzantine Empire - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Byzantine...

    The Byzantine Empire's history is generally periodised from late antiquity until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD. From the 3rd to 6th centuries, the Greek East and Latin West of the Roman Empire gradually diverged, marked by Diocletian's (r. 284–305) formal partition of its administration in 285, [1] the establishment of an eastern capital in Constantinople by Constantine I in 330, [n ...

  7. Double-headed eagle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-headed_eagle

    The double-headed eagle is an iconographic symbol originating in the Bronze Age. A heraldic charge, it is used with the concept of an empire. Most modern uses of the emblem are directly or indirectly associated with its use by the late Byzantine Empire, originally a dynastic emblem of the Palaiologoi.

  8. Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and...

    Hoplitarchēs or archēgētēs – Commander of all infantry in a large army. The title first appeared in the mid-10th century, when the infantry was reorganized and gained in importance. Prōtokentarchos and kentarchos – Commanders of a smaller division of the army in the field. The name was derived from the Latin centurion.

  9. Megas doux - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megas_doux

    The megas doux Alexios Apokaukos in the garb of his office. The megas doux ( Greek: μέγας δούξ, pronounced [ˈmeɣaz ˈðuks], "grand duke") was one of the highest positions in the hierarchy of the later Byzantine Empire, denoting the commander-in-chief of the Byzantine navy. It is sometimes also given in English by the half ...