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The solution, initially, was to create the company AB Isfjorden-Bellsund, where the stakeholders behind Jernkontoret were guaranteed membership. The joint stock company was formed after a issue on 21 April 1911. [7] The company equipped a new expedition, this time also led by Bertil Högbom, who arrived in Svalbard in the summer of 1911.
Whalers gradually accumulated a good geographic knowledge of the coastline, but the interior remained uncharted. [28] The first scientific expedition to Svalbard was the Russian Čičagov Expedition between 1764 and 1766, which passed Svalbard in an unsuccessful attempt to find the Northern Sea Route.
Longyearbyen remained purely a company town until 1989 when utilities, culture, and education was separated into Svalbard Samfunnsdrift. [90] In 1993, it was sold to the national government and the University Centre was established. [91] Through the 1990s, tourism increased and the town developed an economy independent of Store Norske and ...
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Svalbard is subordinate to Nord-Troms District Court and Hålogaland Court of Appeal, both located in Tromsø. [52] Ny-Ålesund is a permanent settlement based entirely on research. Formerly a mining town, it is still a company town operated by the Norwegian state-owned Kings Bay.
Both Svalbard and Jan Mayen consist almost entirely of Arctic wilderness, such as at Bellsund in Svalbard. Svalbard is an archipelago in the Arctic about midway between mainland Norway and the North Pole. The group of islands range from 74° to 81° north latitude, and from 10° to 35° east longitude.
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Viking expansion was the historical movement which led Norse explorers, traders and warriors, the latter known in modern scholarship as Vikings, to sail most of the North Atlantic, reaching south as far as North Africa and east as far as Russia, and through the Mediterranean as far as Constantinople and the Middle East, acting as looters, traders, colonists and mercenaries.