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Resonance: Loud and low pitched. Normal lung sound. [15] Dullness: Medium intensity and pitch. Experienced with fluid. [14] A dull, muffled sound may replace resonance in conditions like pneumonia or hemothorax. Hyper-resonance: Very loud, very low pitch, and longer in duration. Abnormal. [14] Hyper-resonance can result from asthma or emphysema
Respiratory sounds, also known as lung sounds or breath sounds, are the specific sounds generated by the movement of air through the respiratory system. [1] These may be easily audible or identified through auscultation of the respiratory system through the lung fields with a stethoscope as well as from the spectral characteristics of lung sounds. [2]
Bronchophony may be caused by a solidification of lung tissue around the bronchi – which may indicate lung cancer – or by fluid in the alveoli, which may indicate pneumonia. However, it may also have benign causes, such as wide bronchi. As such, it is usually an indication for further investigation rather than the main basis of a diagnosis.
Understanding Lung Sounds 3rd edition (2002) by Steven Lehrer is a book and audio CD that guides the student through the skills of lung auscultation. It provides a complete overview of lung examination, anatomy, physiology, and pathology.
The whispered pectoriloquy test is similar to bronchophony, but not so much egophony. [2] In bronchophony, the physician often asks the patient to say "ninety-nine" or "baseball" while listening over a lung field with a stethoscope. The spoken word sounds will be louder in areas where consolidation is present.
Pulmonary function testing (PFT) is a complete evaluation of the respiratory system including patient history, physical examinations, and tests of pulmonary function. The primary purpose of pulmonary function testing is to identify the severity of pulmonary impairment. [1]
In medicine, Imaging Lung Sound Behavior with Vibration Response Imaging (VRI) is a novelty computer-based technology that takes the concept of the stethoscope to a more progressive level. Since the invention of the stethoscope by René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laennec France in 1816 , physicians have been utilizing lung sounds to diagnose various ...
In conditions that trigger inflammation such as upper respiratory tract infections or the inhalation of allergens or plicatic acid, eNO levels rise. [6] [7] The eNO levels also tend to vary according to the results of lung function test results such as the degree of bronchial hyperresponsiveness.
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