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General strain theory (GST) is the latest and broadest version of strain theory (Agnew, 2006). GST represents a revision and extension of prior strain theories, including the classic strain theories of Merton ( 1938 ), Cohen ( 1955 ), and Cloward and Ohlin ( 1960 ).
Self-control theory, proposed by Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi in A General Theory of Crime (1990), is a widely researched perspective in criminology focusing on individual differences in attention to the consequences of one’s actions as a general cause of delinquency, crime, and analogous behaviors.
Altogether, strain theory and structured action theory provide the cultural background for prejudice, and self-control theory explains the individual decision to commit a hate crime. It should be noted that this model has yet to be directly tested.
Research testing cybercrime theory shows support for a number of theories from the field of criminology, especially general strain, low self-control, social learning, and techniques of neutralization and drift.
In these works, anomie, which refers to a widespread lack of commitment to shared values, standards, and rules needed to regulate the behaviors and aspirations of individuals, is an intermediate condition by which social (dis)organization impacts individual distress and deviant behavior.
Group-based trajectory modeling (GBTM) is a variant of growth mixture modeling that has risen to prominence in the field of criminology as a useful method for understanding heterogeneity in developmental patterns of outcomes of interest.
Situational Action Theory (SAT) is a general, dynamic, and mechanism-based theory of crime and its causes. It is general because it proposes to explain all kinds of crime (and rule-breaking more generally).
Contemporary Social Disorganization Theory. For a period during the late 1960s and most of the 1970s, criminologists, in general, questioned the theoretical assumptions that form the foundation of the social disorganization approach (Bursik, 1988).
Crime pattern theory explains the process of criminal target search, suggests strategies for crime reduction, and describes potential displacements of criminal events in space and time following changes in the suitability of targets or target locations at particular places and specific times.
An SI perspective is a challenge to frustration-aggression approaches (including general strain theory) that claim that aversive stimuli and negative affect instigate aggression. Negative affect plays a much more limited causal role in producing violence from an SI perspective.